1. Problem

2. Draw

 

 

3. Knowns and Unknowns

Knowns:

• m_b = 0.45 kg
• d_b = 20 cm
• m_L = 18 kg
• m_f = 8 kg

Unknowns:

• x_b
• I_b
• x_p
• I_{p x}

4. Approach

Find the cm for both objects using arbitrary coordinates since no origin is given.

Use the sphere MMOI formula for the ball.

Calculate the individual MMOIs for the leg and foot, then use parallel axis theorem to get each shape’s MMOI about the system cm, add them, and then use parallel axis theorem to get MMOI about A.

5. Analysis

Part a (find the center of mass of the ball):

$$x_b=(10\underline{\hat{i}}+10\underline{\hat{j}}+10\underline{\hat{k}})cm$$

 

Part b (find the MMOI of the ball about its center of mass):

$$I_{xx}=I_{yy}=I_{zz}=\frac{2}{3}mr^2\\\qquad \quad=\frac{2}{3}(0.45 kg)(0.1m)^2\\I_b=0.003kgm^2$$

 

Part c (find the center of mass for the system of the person’s leg):

Step 1: find the center of mass of the foot (f)

$$f=\frac{15cm}{2}\underline{\hat{i}}+\frac{7cm}{2}\underline{\hat{j}}+\frac{7cm}{2}\underline{\hat{k}}\\f=(7.5\underline{\hat{i}}+3.5\underline{\hat{j}}+3.5\underline{\hat{k}})cm$$

 

Step 2: find the center of mass of the leg (L)

$$L_1=(3.5\underline{\hat{i}}+3.5\underline{\hat{j}}+15\underline{\hat{k}})cm\\L_2=(15cm-7cm-1cm)\underline{\hat{i}}+(0cm)\underline{\hat{j}}+(7cm)\underline{\hat{k}}\\\qquad \quad L_2 = (7 \underline{\hat{i}}+(0)\underline{\hat{j}}+(7)\underline{\hat{k}} )cm$$

$$\\L=L_1+L_2\\L=(3.5cm+7cm)\underline{\hat{i}}+(3.5cm+0cm)\underline{\hat{j}}+(15cm+7cm)\underline{\hat{k}}\\L=(10.5\underline{\hat{i}}+3.5\underline{\hat{j}}+22\underline{\hat{k}})cm$$

 

 

Step 3: find the center of mass of the system (P)

$$x_p=\frac{\sum m_i x_i}{\sum m_i}\\X_p=\frac{m_f\cdot x_f+m_L\cdot x_L}{m_f+m_L}\\x_p=\frac{8kg\cdot 7.5cm+18kg\cdot 10.5cm}{8kg+18kg}\\x_p=9.58cm$$

 

$$y_p=\frac{\sum m_i y_i}{\sum m_i}\\y_p=\frac{8kg\cdot 3.5cm+18kg\cdot 3.5cm}{8kg+18kg}\\y_p=3.5cm$$

$$z_p=\frac{\sum m_i z_i}{\sum m_i}\\z_p=\frac{8kg\cdot 3.5cm+18kg\cdot 22cm}{8kg+18kg}\\z_p=16.3cm$$

$$\underline{\underline{P}=(9.58\underline{\hat{i}}+3.5\underline{\hat{j}}+16.3\underline{\hat{k}})cm}$$

Part d (find the inertia of the person’s leg about point A):

Step 1: Find the MMOI of the foot about f (I_ff)

$$x_f=0.15m\\z_f=0.07m\\m_f=8kg$$

$$I_{ff}=\frac{1}{12}\cdot m\cdot (x^2+z^2)\\I_{ff}=\frac{1}{12}(8kg)(0.15m^2+0.07m^2)\\I_{ff}=0.0182kg\; m^2$$

 

Step 2: Find the MMOI of the foot about P (I_Pf)

$$ d^2=(0.0208m)^2+(0.128m)^2\\I_{pf}=I_{ff}+m_f(d_f)^2\\I_{pf}=0.0182kgm^2+8kg[(0.0208m)^2+(0.128m)^2]\\I_{pf}=0.1527kgm^2$$

 

Step 3: Find the MMOI of the leg about L (I_LL)

$$r=0.035m\\h=0.3m\\m_L=18kg\\I_{LL}=\frac{1}{12}\cdot m\cdot (3_r^2+h^2)\\I_{LL}=\frac{1}{12}\cdot 18kg(3(0.035m)^2+(0.3m)^2)\\I_{LL}=0.1405kgm^2$$

 

Step 4: Find the MMOI of the leg about P (I_PL)

$$r_{LP}=[(9.58-10.5)\underline{\hat{i}}+(3.5-3.5)\underline{\hat{j}}+(16.3-22)\underline{\hat{k}}]cm\\r_{LP}=(-0.92\underline{\hat{i}}-5.7\underline{\hat{k}})cm\\I_{PL}=I_{LL}+m(d^2)\\I_{PL}=0.1405kgm^2+18kg[(0.0092m)^2+(0.057m)^2]\\I_{PL}=0.2005kgm^2$$

 

Step 5: Find the MMOI of the entire system about P (I_P)

$$I_p=I_{PL}+I_{pf}\\I_p=0.1527kgm^2+0.2005kg\\I_p=0.3532kgm^2$$

 

Step 6: Find the MMOI of the entire system about A (I_A)

$$A=(10.5\underline{\hat{i}}+3.5\underline{\hat{j}}+37\underline{\hat{k}})cm\\P=(9.58\underline{\hat{i}}+3.5\underline{\hat{j}}+16.3\underline{\hat{k}})cm\\r_{AP}=P-A\\r_{AP}=[(9.58-10.5)\underline{\hat{i}}+(3.5-3.5)\underline{\hat{j}}+(16.3-37)\underline{\hat{k}}]cm\\r_{AP}=(-0.92\underline{\hat{i}}-20.7\underline{\hat{k}})cm$$

$$I_A=I_p+m(d^2)\\I_A=0.3532kgm^2+(8kg+18kg)[(0.0092m)^2+(0.207m)^2]\\I_A=1.4695kgm^2\\\underline{I_A=1.47kgm^2}$$

6. Review

It makes sense that the numbers are small, since before the final step, the mass was small, or the distance to the new axis was small.

1. Problem

2. Draw

3. Knowns and Unknowns

Knowns:

• m = 60 kg
• ΣM = 200Nm
• h = 167cm
• d₁ = 30cm
• d₂ = 60cm
• t = 0.5sec
• I_zz = ½ mr2
• ΣM = I∝
• ⍵₀ = 0rad/sec

Unknowns:

• ∝₁ = ?
• ∝₂ = ?
• I_zz1 = ?
• I_zz2 = ?
• ⍵₁ = ?
• ⍵₂ = ?

4. Approach

I’ll be using MMOI for circular cylinders, as well as the sum of moments/torque equaling MMOI times angular acceleration, as well as acceleration equaling change in velocity over time.

5. Analysis

Part a:

Step 1: find the inertia when the arms are hugged to the body

I_zz1 = 0.5 (60kg) (0.15m)²

I_zz1= 0.675 kg m²

 

Step 2: find the inertia when the arms are spread out

I_zz2 = 0.5(60kg)(0.3m)²

I_zz2 = 2.7 kg m²

 

Step 3: find the angular acceleration for both cases

ΣM = I∝ therefore ΣM/I = ∝

 

∝₁ = ΣM / I_zz1

∝₁ = 200 Nm / 0.675 kg m²

∝₁ ≈ 296.296 rad/sec²

 

∝₂ = ΣM / I_zz2

∝₂ = 200Nm/2.7 kg m²

∝₂ ≈ 74.074 rad/sec²

 

The acceleration when the skater had her arms close to her body was about 296 rad/sec², while that when she had her arms spread out was about 74 rad/sec². Therefore, having her limbs closer to her body will give her a much higher angular acceleration!

As seen in the equation I_zz = ½ m r², her height is arbitrary, thus lowering her height would not change the inertia nor will it change her angular acceleration.

 

Part b:

∝ = ⍵/t therefore ∝*t = ⍵

 

⍵₁ = 296.296 s^-2(0.5s)

⍵₁ = 148.148 rad/sec

 

⍵₂ = 74.074 s^-2(0.5s)

⍵₂ = 37.037 rad/sec

 

Given that these are in radians per second, let’s convert this to rotations per second to make it more meaningful. To do so, simply divide by 2pi since there are 2pi radians per rotation. Thus, with her arms in, she can achieve about 23.6 rotations per second after 0.5 seconds of acceleration, compared to about 5.9 rotations per second with her limbs out. This is on par with an Olympian according to this site.

6. Review

It makes sense that they spin faster when their limbs are hugged to their body; we can try this at home with a swivel chair!