{"id":1292,"date":"2020-06-23T13:57:56","date_gmt":"2020-06-23T17:57:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/upeiintropsychology\/?post_type=chapter&p=1292"},"modified":"2020-08-26T13:21:39","modified_gmt":"2020-08-26T17:21:39","slug":"vocabulary-9","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/upeiintropsychology\/chapter\/vocabulary-9\/","title":{"raw":"Vocabulary","rendered":"Vocabulary"},"content":{"raw":"Action potential\r\n\r\nA transient all-or-nothing electrical current that is conducted down the axon when the membrane potential reaches the threshold of excitation.\r\n\r\nAxon\r\n\r\nPart of the neuron that extends off the soma, splitting several times to connect with other neurons; main output of the neuron.\r\n\r\nCell membrane\r\n\r\nA bi-lipid layer of molecules that separates the cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid.\r\n\r\nDendrite\r\n\r\nPart of a neuron that extends away from the cell body and is the main input to the neuron.\r\n\r\nDiffusion\r\n\r\nThe force on molecules to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.\r\n\r\nElectrostatic pressure\r\n\r\nThe force on two ions with similar charge to repel each other; the force of two ions with opposite charge to attract to one another.\r\n\r\nExcitatory postsynaptic potentials\r\n\r\nA depolarizing postsynaptic current that causes the membrane potential to become more positive and move towards the threshold of excitation.\r\n\r\nInhibitory postsynaptic potentials\r\n\r\nA hyperpolarizing postsynaptic current that causes the membrane potential to become more negative and move away from the threshold of excitation.\r\n\r\nIon channels\r\n\r\nProteins that span the cell membrane, forming channels that specific ions can flow through between the intracellular and extracellular space.\r\n\r\nIonotropic receptor\r\n\r\nIon channel that opens to allow ions to permeate the cell membrane under specific conditions, such as the presence of a neurotransmitter or a specific membrane potential.\r\n\r\nMyelin sheath\r\n\r\nSubstance around the axon of a neuron that serves as insulation to allow the action potential to conduct rapidly toward the terminal buttons.\r\n\r\nNeurotransmitters\r\n\r\nChemical substance released by the presynaptic terminal button that acts on the postsynaptic cell.\r\n\r\nNucleus\r\n\r\nCollection of nerve cells found in the brain which typically serve a specific function.\r\n\r\nResting membrane potential\r\n\r\nThe voltage inside the cell relative to the voltage outside the cell while the cell is a rest (approximately -70 mV).\r\n\r\nSodium-potassium pump\r\n\r\nAn ion channel that uses the neuron\u2019s energy (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) to pump three Na+ ions outside the cell in exchange for bringing two K+ ions inside the cell.\r\n\r\nSoma\r\n\r\nCell body of a neuron that contains the nucleus and genetic information, and directs protein synthesis.\r\n\r\nSpines\r\n\r\nProtrusions on the dendrite of a neuron that form synapses with terminal buttons of the presynaptic axon.\r\n\r\nSynapse\r\n\r\nJunction between the presynaptic terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite, axon, or soma of another postsynaptic neuron.\r\n\r\nSynaptic gap\r\n\r\nAlso known as the synaptic cleft; the small space between the presynaptic terminal button and the postsynaptic dendritic spine, axon, or soma.\r\n\r\nSynaptic vesicles\r\n\r\nGroups of neurotransmitters packaged together and located within the terminal button.\r\n\r\nTerminal button\r\n\r\nThe part of the end of the axon that form synapses with postsynaptic dendrite, axon, or soma.\r\n\r\nThreshold of excitation\r\n\r\nSpecific membrane potential that the neuron must reach to initiate an action potential.\r\n\r\n ","rendered":"

Action potential<\/p>\n

A transient all-or-nothing electrical current that is conducted down the axon when the membrane potential reaches the threshold of excitation.<\/p>\n

Axon<\/p>\n

Part of the neuron that extends off the soma, splitting several times to connect with other neurons; main output of the neuron.<\/p>\n

Cell membrane<\/p>\n

A bi-lipid layer of molecules that separates the cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid.<\/p>\n

Dendrite<\/p>\n

Part of a neuron that extends away from the cell body and is the main input to the neuron.<\/p>\n

Diffusion<\/p>\n

The force on molecules to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.<\/p>\n

Electrostatic pressure<\/p>\n

The force on two ions with similar charge to repel each other; the force of two ions with opposite charge to attract to one another.<\/p>\n

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials<\/p>\n

A depolarizing postsynaptic current that causes the membrane potential to become more positive and move towards the threshold of excitation.<\/p>\n

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials<\/p>\n

A hyperpolarizing postsynaptic current that causes the membrane potential to become more negative and move away from the threshold of excitation.<\/p>\n

Ion channels<\/p>\n

Proteins that span the cell membrane, forming channels that specific ions can flow through between the intracellular and extracellular space.<\/p>\n

Ionotropic receptor<\/p>\n

Ion channel that opens to allow ions to permeate the cell membrane under specific conditions, such as the presence of a neurotransmitter or a specific membrane potential.<\/p>\n

Myelin sheath<\/p>\n

Substance around the axon of a neuron that serves as insulation to allow the action potential to conduct rapidly toward the terminal buttons.<\/p>\n

Neurotransmitters<\/p>\n

Chemical substance released by the presynaptic terminal button that acts on the postsynaptic cell.<\/p>\n

Nucleus<\/p>\n

Collection of nerve cells found in the brain which typically serve a specific function.<\/p>\n

Resting membrane potential<\/p>\n

The voltage inside the cell relative to the voltage outside the cell while the cell is a rest (approximately -70 mV).<\/p>\n

Sodium-potassium pump<\/p>\n

An ion channel that uses the neuron\u2019s energy (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) to pump three Na+ ions outside the cell in exchange for bringing two K+ ions inside the cell.<\/p>\n

Soma<\/p>\n

Cell body of a neuron that contains the nucleus and genetic information, and directs protein synthesis.<\/p>\n

Spines<\/p>\n

Protrusions on the dendrite of a neuron that form synapses with terminal buttons of the presynaptic axon.<\/p>\n

Synapse<\/p>\n

Junction between the presynaptic terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite, axon, or soma of another postsynaptic neuron.<\/p>\n

Synaptic gap<\/p>\n

Also known as the synaptic cleft; the small space between the presynaptic terminal button and the postsynaptic dendritic spine, axon, or soma.<\/p>\n

Synaptic vesicles<\/p>\n

Groups of neurotransmitters packaged together and located within the terminal button.<\/p>\n

Terminal button<\/p>\n

The part of the end of the axon that form synapses with postsynaptic dendrite, axon, or soma.<\/p>\n

Threshold of excitation<\/p>\n

Specific membrane potential that the neuron must reach to initiate an action potential.<\/p>\n

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