{"id":171,"date":"2018-12-27T17:26:54","date_gmt":"2018-12-27T22:26:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/chapter\/going-global-yes-or-no\/"},"modified":"2020-01-06T09:58:41","modified_gmt":"2020-01-06T14:58:41","slug":"going-global-yes-or-no","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/chapter\/going-global-yes-or-no\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 18: Going Global: Yes or No?","rendered":"Chapter 18: Going Global: Yes or No?"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"navbar-top\" class=\"navbar\">\r\n<div class=\"navbar-part right\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"book-content\">\r\n<div class=\"chapter\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15\" xml:lang=\"en\">\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_n01\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_fx01\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"576\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2018\/12\/288031b7ee1c7dbe1c3e546d0f2d864d.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"576\" height=\"242\" \/> Figure 18.1 Center Rock Inc. Reprinted with permission from Center Rock, Inc.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_p01\" class=\"para\">Brandon Fisher, the founder of Center Rock Inc., is shown on the left side in the picture. The man to his right is Richard Soppe, the senior drilling application engineer. The number 33 is the number of Chilean miners who were rescued in 2010. Brandon and his company, now at seventy-five employees, are true American heroes.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_p02\" class=\"para no-indent\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.centerrock.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Center Rock<\/a> manufactures and distributes a complete line of air drilling tools and products. At its state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Pennsylvania, they build stock and made-to-order products that are used by leading drilling, oil and gas, foundation, construction, roadway, and mining contractors across North America, Europe, Asia, Russia, and Australia. Fisher entered the global market four years ago as a way to expand the business. He was able to finance the expansion internally, so financing was not an issue.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_p03\" class=\"para no-indent\">Center Rock Inc., founded in 1998 by then twenty-six-year-old Brandon Fisher, began as a drilling company. He designed and built his own horizontal drilling rig and, shortly thereafter, began focusing on making Center Rock an air and rock drilling supplier and manufacturer. He recognized the need for a manufacturing company that was reactive to customer needs, with innovative products and 24\/7 customer service and support. Working with his high-tech engineering and design team, Fisher created a company different from its competitors with its unique products and service capabilities.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_p04\" class=\"para no-indent\">\u201cI love what I do,\u201d says Fisher. \u201cThere is always a challenge in this industry to find new ways to drill into the earth, and the challenge feeds the excitement.\u201d[footnote]\u201cAbout Us,\u201d Center Rock Inc., accessed February 7, 2012, www.centerrock.com\/content\/about-us; e-mail correspondence with Brandon Fisher, July 28, 2011.[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01\" xml:lang=\"en\">\r\n<h1 class=\"title editable block\">US Small Business in the Global Environment<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"learning_objectives editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_n01\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Understand and appreciate the role of small businesses in the global environment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Learn about the global growth opportunities for small businesses.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Understand the advantages and the disadvantages of a small business going global.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Although small businesses make up a disproportionately large share of the number of companies that export and import, this represents only about 1 percent of the total number of small businesses. Thus many small businesses have yet to compete globally. The opportunities are there. \u201cSo much of what America makes is in great demand,\u201d said US Commerce Secretary Gary Locke in an interview, adding further that the growth potential for small companies is outside the United States. Dale Hayes, vice president of US marketing for UPS concurs, observing that the demand for high-quality American products is huge.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_002\">[footnote]Paul Davidson, \u201cSmall Businesses Look Across Borders to Add Markets,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">USA Today<\/em>, April 12, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/money\/economy\/2011-04-06-small-businesses-go-international.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usatoday.com\/money\/economy\/2011-04-06-small-businesses-go-international.htm<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]Rieva Lesonsky, \u201cIncreased Opportunities for Small-Business Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, June 27, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/06\/opportunities-small-business-exports.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/06\/opportunities-small-business -exports.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0It may be that a small business is already competing globally because foreign-owned companies are competing in our own backyards.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_003\">[footnote]\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Yet the global marketplace is not relevant to most small businesses. Given that 99 percent of the small businesses in the United States are not operating globally\u2014preferring to grow (if they want to) locally, regionally, and perhaps nationally\u2014it is reasonable to conclude that going global will interest only a few. Those few, however, must undertake careful analyses before jumping into the global arena.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">The Small Business Global Presence<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">It may seem to many that the global market is the domain of the large corporations, but the statistics tell a very different story. Small businesses actually account for close to 97.6 percent of US exporters and 32.8 percent of the value of US exports as well as 97.1 percent of all identified importers and 31.9 percent of the known import value.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_004\">[footnote]\u201cProfile of U.S. Importing and Exporting Companies, 2008\u20132009 Highlights,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Census Bureau<\/em>, April 12, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.census.gov\/foreign-trade\/Press-Release\/edb\/2009\/2009Highlights.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.census.gov\/foreign-trade\/Press-Release\/edb\/2009\/2009Highlights.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0Consider the following additional facts:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_005\">[footnote]\u201cProfile of U.S. Importing and Exporting Companies, 2008\u20132009 Highlights,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Census Bureau<\/em>, April 12, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.census.gov\/foreign-trade\/Press-Release\/edb\/2009\/2009Highlights.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.census.gov\/foreign-trade\/Press-Release\/edb\/2009\/2009Highlights.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Small businesses account for 96.4 percent of all manufacturing exporters, which is 17.2 percent of the sector\u2019s $562 billion in exports.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nearly 100 percent (99.2 percent) of exporting wholesalers were small businesses, which is 61.1 percent of the sector\u2019s $218 billion in exports.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Of other companies with exports, 96.9 percent were small businesses. These companies include manufacturing companies of prepackaged software and books, freight forwarders and other transportation service firms, business services, engineering and management services, gas and oil extraction companies, coal mining companies, and communication services, to name a few.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Small businesses account for 93.6 percent of all manufacturing importers, which is 12.9 percent of the sector\u2019s $602 billion in imports.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nearly 100 percent (99.2 percent) of wholesaler importers were small businesses, contributing 56.8 percent of the sector\u2019s $451 billion in imports.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Small businesses accounted for 94.3 percent of the companies that both exported and imported, accounting for 29 percent of the export value and 27 percent of the import value.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">This tells us that small businesses are very active in the global marketplace, and small business success in international markets is extremely important to the welfare of the United States.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_006\">\u201c[footnote]Breaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0Although it is true that small businesses are major users of imported goods, the focus of this chapter is on small business exporting because exporting can be an effective way to diversify the customer base, manage market fluctuations, grow, and become more competitive.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_007\">[footnote]US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), i.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Small businesses are limited in the products and the services that they export. Small business exports are concentrated in four main product categories: computers and electronic products, chemicals, machinery, and transportation equipment. However, the leading product categories in terms of market share were wood products, apparel and accessories, tobacco products, beverages, and leather products.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_008\">[footnote]\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US International Trade Commission<\/em>, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01_p04\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Although the United States is one of the world\u2019s largest participants in global services trade, very little information exists with respect to services exports by small businesses. What is known is that it is increasingly common for most US services firms to establish a <em><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1206\"]foreign affiliate[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0\u2014a branch or a subsidiary of the parent company established outside the national boundaries of the parent company\u2019s home market\u2014because most services are better supplied in close proximity to the principal or final customers.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_009\">[footnote]\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US International Trade Commission<\/em>, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> Additionally, in some business sectors, foreign regulations may restrict the delivery of some services to affiliates only. For example, to comply with domestic solvency requirements, some countries require that personal lines of insurance be carried out only by affiliates. Another example is the protection of intellectual property rights. This is often accomplished through the services of affiliates, thus intellectual property is kept in-house.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_010\">[footnote]\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US International Trade Commission<\/em>, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01_p05\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">What is particularly interesting is that most of the service exporting occurs in businesses with 0\u201319 employees, with the least service exporting done by small businesses with 300\u2013499 employees. This may be the exact opposite of what you would expect.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">The Advantages of Going Global<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The flexibility of a smaller company may make it possible to meet the demands of global markets and redefine a company\u2019s programs more quickly than might occur in the larger <em><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1207\"]multinational corporation[\/pb_glossary].<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_011\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 312.[\/footnote]<\/span> A multinational corporation is a company that operates on a worldwide scale without ties to any specific nation or region; it is organized under the laws of its own country.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_012\">[footnote]William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, and Jack R. Kapoor, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business<\/em> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 94.[\/footnote]<\/span> This flexibility of the smaller company is particularly true of the <em><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1209\"]micromultinationals[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><\/em>, a relatively new category of tiny companies that operate globally, having a presence and people in multiple countries. <span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_013\">[footnote]Anita Campbell, \u201cThe Trend of the Micro-Multinationals,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, February 20, 2007, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2007\/02\/the-trend-of-the-micro-multinationals.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2007\/02\/the-trend-of-the-micro-multinationals.html<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]Bernard Lunn, \u201cIntroducing the Tales of Micro-Nationals,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, July 7, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/introducing-the-tales-of-micro-multinationals.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/introducing-the-tales-of-micro-multinationals.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">These micromultinationals outsource virtually everything to specialists all over the world and sell to people all over the world through the Internet.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_014\">[footnote]Bernard Lunn, \u201cIntroducing the Tales of Micro-Nationals,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, July 7, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/introducing-the-tales-of-micro-multinationals.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/introducing -the-tales-of-micro-multinationals.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> The Internet is inexpensive technology, and the services designed to help small businesses make it possible for the small company to operate across borders with the same effectiveness and efficiencies as large businesses.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_015\">[footnote]Anita Campbell, \u201cPreparing Your Business to Go Global,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, November 19, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/11\/preparing-your-business-to-go-global.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/11\/preparing-your-business-to-go-global.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"callout editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_n01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Micromultinationals<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p03\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/generationalliance.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Generation Alliance<\/a> is a branding and design firm that provides services to clients all over the world. They have core employees in Australia and specialist contractors in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Jamaica, Dubai, and Singapore. One of their more interesting projects was to rebrand the country of Botswana for the global market.<span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">[footnote]<\/span><span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_016\">Bernard Lunn, \u201cTales of Micro-Multinationals: Generation Alliance,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, July 7, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/tales-of-micro-multinationals-generation-alliance.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/tales-of-micro-multinationals-generation-alliance.html<\/a>[\/<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_015\">footnote]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p04\" class=\"para no-indent\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jadience.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jadience<\/a> sells a line of health and skincare products that has its roots in traditional oriental medicine. Their physical products are sent to customers, mostly spas, in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_017\">[footnote]Bernard Lunn, \u201cTales of Micro-Multinationals: Jadience,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, July 15, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/tales-of-micro-multinationals-jadience.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/tales -of-micro-multinationals-jadience.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p05\" class=\"para no-indent\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worketc.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Worketc<\/a> operates in the large and competitive business software market. Their focus is small businesses, selling web-based customer relationship management (CRM), project management, billing, shared calendars, help desk, and document management software. The company is headquartered in Sydney, Australia, and it claims happy customers in sixteen countries. The United States accounts for 86 percent of its customers.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_018\">[footnote]Bernard Lunn, \u201cTales of Micro-Multinationals: Worketc,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, July 21, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/micro-multinationals-worketc.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/micro -multinationals-worketc.html<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]\u201cThe Why of What We\u2019re About,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Worketc<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worketc.com\/about_us\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.worketc.com\/about_us<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">There are many reasons why small businesses should consider going global:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_019\">[footnote]\u201cBenefits of Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Export.gov<\/em>, March 31, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/export.gov\/about\/eg_main_016807.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">export.gov\/about\/eg_main_016807.asp<\/a>[\/footnote]<a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/export.gov\/about\/eg_main_016807.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a>[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding -your-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]Steve Strauss, \u201cGlobalization Is Good for (Small) Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">USA Today<\/em>, May 17, 2004, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/money\/smallbusiness\/columnist\/strauss\/2004-05-17-globalization_x.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usatoday.com\/money\/smallbusiness\/columnist\/strauss\/2004-05-17-globalization_x.htm<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>A small business that thinks and sells only domestically may be reaching only a small share of its potential customers because 95 percent of the world\u2019s consumers live outside the United States.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Exporting enables companies to diversify their portfolios and weather changes in the domestic economy. This stabilizes seasonal and cyclical market fluctuations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Exporting helps small businesses grow and become more competitive in all their markets, which reduces the dependence on existing markets.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Exporting increases sales and profits, also extending the sales potential of existing products. Research has shown that exporting can expand total sales 0.6 percent to 1.3 percent faster than would otherwise be the case.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Exporting companies are able to sell excess production capacity.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Exporting companies are nearly 8.5 percent less likely to go out of business.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are higher worker earnings as well, which contributes to the betterment of the community.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">According to the US Small Business Administration (SBA),<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_020\">[footnote]\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0US exporting businesses experience faster annual employment growth by 2 to 4 percentage points over their nonexporting counterparts. Workers employed in exporting companies have better paying jobs and better opportunities for advancement. Research has estimated that blue-collar worker earnings in firms that export are 13 percent higher than those in nonexporting plants, 23 percent higher when comparing large plants, and 9 percent higher when comparing small plants. White-collar employees also benefit from higher salaries, 18 percent more than their nonexporting counterparts. Less skilled workers also earn more at companies that export. Lastly, the benefits that all workers receive at exporting plants are 37 percent higher and include improved medical insurance and paid leave.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_n02\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.1\u00a0Why Export?<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p08\" class=\"para\">Why small businesses should consider entering the global marketplace.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p09\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/whyexport.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/whyexport.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">The Disadvantages of Going Global<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">There is no question that the benefits of going global are considerable. However, disadvantages or barriers must also be considered. For example, a small business will incur additional costs, such as modifying its product or its packaging (perhaps even changing the name of its product so that it does not convey negative meanings outside the United States), developing new promotional materials, administrative costs (such as hiring staff to launch the export expansion and dedicating personnel for traveling), traveling to foreign locations (very important), and shipping.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_021\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]Strategic Name Development, Inc., \u201cGlobal Linguistic Analysis\u201d (2011), accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.namedevelopment.com\/global-linguistic-analysis.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.namedevelopment.com\/global-linguistic-analysis.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0It may also be necessary for the owner to subordinate short-term profits to long-term gains, wait longer for payments, apply for additional financing, and obtain special export licenses.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_022\">[footnote]\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0There will be differences in consumer needs, wants, and usage patterns for products; differences in consumer response to the elements of the marketing mix and differences in the legal environment may conflict with those of the United States.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_023\">[footnote]\u201cGlobal Marketing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">SmallBusiness.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Global_marketing\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Global_marketing<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0Then, of course, there are cultural and language issues along with the all-too-familiar fear of the unknown.\u00a0<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_024\">[footnote]Rieva Lesonsky, \u201cIncreased Opportunities for Small-Business Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, June 27, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/06\/opportunities-small-business-exports.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/06\/opportunities-small-business-exports.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0A recent survey of exporting and nonexporting members of the National Small Business Association (NSBA) and the Small Business Exporters Association (SBEA) reported the following main barriers to small businesses selling their goods and\/or services to foreign customers:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_025\">[footnote]\u201c2010 Small Business Exporting Survey,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">NSBA and SBEA<\/em>, March 11, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nsba.biz\/docs\/2010_small_business_exporting_survey_001.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.nsba.biz\/docs\/2010_small_business_exporting_survey _001.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>I do not have goods and\/or services that are exportable: 49 percent.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I do not know much about it and am not sure where to start: 38 percent.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I would worry too much about getting paid: 29 percent.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It is too costly: 27 percent.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It would take too much time away from my regular, domestic sales: 17 percent.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I cannot obtain financing to offer products or services to foreign customers: 7 percent.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Three things were identified as the single largest challenge: worrying about getting paid (26 percent), feeling that exporting is confusing and difficult to do (24 percent), and having limited goods and\/or services that are exportable (18 percent).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Richard Ginsburg in the SBA\u2019s Office of International Trade has commented that most US small businesses simply do not understand the value of taking their business global, further noting that \u201cthe number-one barrier to trade is the psychological acceptance that global business is necessary.[footnote]\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_026\">Kevin Morris, \u201cSmall Business Owner Takes His Green Energy Business Global,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">AllBusiness.com<\/em>, April 22, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allbusiness.com\/small-green-energy-business\/15572754-1.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.allbusiness.com\/small-green-energy-business\/15572754-1.html<\/a><\/span>[\/footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_026\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p04\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Small businesses also face some resource constraints that reduce their ability to export. For example, small businesses are more likely than larger firms to face scarcities of financial and human resources that limit their ability to take advantage of global opportunities. Limited personnel, the inability to meet quality standards, the lack of financial backing, and insufficient knowledge of foreign markets are important constraints affecting the ability of small businesses to export.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_027\">[footnote]\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0Fortunately, being proactive, innovative, and willing to take risks have helped small businesses overcome export impediments and improve export performance.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_028\">[footnote]\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p05\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">The disadvantages of going global may warrant a go-slow approach, but they should not be viewed as knockout factors. If a business\u2019s financial situation is weak, the timing may not be right for becoming an exporter\u2026but perhaps exporting makes sense in the future. In any case, very careful thinking should precede the decision to export.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_n01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">2010 Winner of the Growth through Global Trade Award<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_fx01\">\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2018\/12\/a5f27e12078b9bad4a8d050f499a15f9.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/>\r\n<div class=\"copyright\">\r\n<p class=\"para\">Source: SteelMaster Buildings. Reprinted with permission.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p06\" class=\"para\">The UPS Growth through Global Trade Award recognizes businesses with fewer than five hundred employees that are excelling in international trade. The inaugural winner was <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steelmasterusa.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SteelMaster Buildings LLC<\/a>, in Virginia Beach, Virginia, a manufacturer, designer, and supplier. The UPS award was followed up by two other national awards and four regional awards related to SteelMaster\u2019s increases in global trade plus a mention in a September 2010 speech by the former US Secretary of Commerce, Gary Locke, at a trade conference. The company earned first place in the 2011 Export Video Contest cosponsored by the SBA and VISA.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"simpara\">Video Link 18.1 Starting an Import\/Export Business<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=pU0lp0LbQOs\r\n<p class=\"para\">How to start an Import\/Export business.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p07\" class=\"para no-indent\">SteelMaster employs fifty people, excluding distributors. It exports to more than forty countries and has distributorship relationships in more than fifty international markets (e.g., South Korea, Romania, Mexico, Angola, Chile, Peru, Slovakia, South Sudan, and Australia). This distributor network has provided an important source of market differentiation. Since the company began exporting in 2006, in response to the very competitive and saturated US market, the company\u2019s revenue has quadrupled, and exporting now represents over 20 percent of its total revenue. In addition,<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>The SteelMaster website is user-friendly and offers a bilingual choice for Spanish-speaking viewers. Live chat is also available. In addition, various parts of the website have been translated to other languages (i.e., Korean, French, Romanian, Portuguese, and Arabic) to serve the company\u2019s international customers in their own languages.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>SteelMaster buildings are environmentally friendly and can be recycled. Green buildings are offered that protect against nonuniform weathering and reduce energy loads on buildings due to a long-term, bright service that helps heat reflectivity.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>SteelMaster\u2019s Galvalume Plus coated steel has been approved by the ENERGY STAR program for both low-slope and high-slope applications.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The SteelMaster product can be easily used in the wake of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, flooding, or hurricanes. The company has participated in humanitarian relief efforts, specifically in Haiti.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_029\">[footnote]Shannon Coursey, \u201cHas Your Small Business Taken Big Steps to Grow Globally?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">UPS Upside<\/em>, January 10, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.ups.com\/2011\/01\/10\/has-your-small-business-taken-big-steps-to-grow-globally\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">blog.ups.com\/2011\/01\/10\/has-your-small-business-taken-big-steps-to-grow-globally\/<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cAnd the Winner for the Growth through Global Trade Award Goes To\u2026,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 24, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/and-winner-for-growth-through-global.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/and-winner-for-growth-through-global.html<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]interview with Michelle Wickum, director of marketing, SteelMaster Buildings, January 5, 2012[\/footnote][footnote]SteelMaster company materials provided by Michelle Wickum, Director of Marketing, January 5, 2012.[\/footnote]<\/span> The company stands ready to provide safe and reliable construction solutions to people in need around the world.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"key_takeaways editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_n02\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_l03\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Small businesses make up a disproportionately large share of the number of companies that export and import. However, this is only about 1 percent of the total number of small businesses.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The growth potential for small companies outside the United States is huge because of the demand for high-quality American products.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Small businesses account for close to 98 percent of US exporters and 33 percent of the value of US exports.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Small business success in international trade is extremely important to the welfare of the United States.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are many advantages and disadvantages of a small business going global. These must be analyzed very carefully before deciding to enter the global marketplace.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A recent survey of small business owners revealed that the number one barrier to exporting was the feeling that their businesses did not have exportable goods and\/or services. The number one challenge was worrying about getting paid.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.trade.gov\/mas\/ian\/statereports\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.trade.gov\/mas\/ian\/statereports<\/a>. Select your state and prepare a profile of small business exporting. Review additional sites as well, for example, websites sponsored by your state\u2019s commerce and\/or economic development departments. When looking at government sites, you may see the term <em class=\"emphasis\">small- and medium-sized businesses<\/em> or something similar. They are simply referring to businesses with fewer than five hundred employees. This is the small business group for your purposes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02\" xml:lang=\"en\">\r\n<h1 class=\"title editable block\">What You Should Know Before Going Global<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"learning_objectives editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_n01\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Learn about the different ways that a business can export.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Understand the importance of an industry analysis.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Understand that it is important to carefully assess a business.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Learn about the marketing decisions that must be made.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Learn about the kinds of legal and political issues that will affect the exporting activities of a business.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Understand why the currency exchange rate is important to determining price.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Learn about the different sources of financing.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Although expanding into global markets offers many important benefits, not the least of which is increased profits, it will also introduce new complexities into the operations of a small business. There are several key decisions (see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_f01\">Figure 18.1 \"Factors Affecting the Decision to Go Global\"<\/a>) that will need to be made, including the following:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_030\">[footnote]Adapted from David L. Kurtz, <em class=\"emphasis\">Contemporary Business<\/em> (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 121.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Determine which foreign market(s) to enter.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Analyze the expenditures required to enter a new market and determine the source(s) of financing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine the best way to organize the overseas operation in concert with the US organization.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine the extent to which, if any, the marketing mix will need to be adapted to the needs of the foreign market(s).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure out the best way for the business to get paid.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">These decisions, and others, will be based on an assessment of the ways to export, an analysis of the industry and the business, marketing and cultural factors, legal and political conditions, currency exchange issues, and sources of financing.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_n02\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.2\u00a0A Family Business Goes Global<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_p03\" class=\"para\">A small business specializing in leather-care products gets a lesson in expanding beyond its old fashioned clientele.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_p04\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/video\/fsb\/2008\/09\/10\/fsb.pecard.makeover.fsb\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">money.cnn.com\/video\/fsb\/2008\/09\/10\/fsb.pecard.makeover.fsb<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"figure large editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_f01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 18.1<\/span> Factors Affecting the Decision to Go Global<\/h3>\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2018\/12\/faa04173d039a1676f8f7094cda4077d.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Ways to Export<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Small businesses can choose from two basic ways to export: directly or indirectly.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_031\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0There are advantages and disadvantages of each that should be understood before making a choice.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s01\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Direct Exporting<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">In <em><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1211\"]direct exporting[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><\/em>, a small business exports directly to a customer who is interested in buying a particular product. The small business owner makes all the arrangements for shipping and distributing the product overseas, is responsible for the marketing research, and collects payment. This approach gives the owner greater control over the entire transaction and entitles him or her to higher profits\u2014although these higher profits are accompanied by the need to invest significantly more resources and efforts (see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s01_t01\">Table 18.1 \"Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Exporting\"<\/a>). It also requires a significantly changed internal organizational structure, which entails more risk.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_032\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cDirect Exporting: Advantages and Disadvantages to Direct Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">About.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/importexport.about.com\/od\/DevelopingSalesAndDistribution\/a\/Direct-Exporting-Advantages-And-Disadvantages-To-Direct-Exporting.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">importexport.about.com\/od\/DevelopingSalesAndDistribution\/a\/Direct-Exporting-Advantages-And -Disadvantages-To-Direct-Exporting.htm<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]\u201cThe Advantages of Direct Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">vcShipping.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.vcshipping.com\/export\/the-advantages-of-direct-exporting.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.vcshipping.com\/export\/the-advantages-of-direct-exporting.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"table block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s01_t01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Table 18.1<\/span> Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Exporting<\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 24px\">Advantages<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 24px\">Disadvantages<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">Potential profits are greater because intermediaries are eliminated.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">It takes more time, energy, and money than an owner may be able to afford.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">The owner has a greater degree of control over all aspects of the transaction.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">It requires more \u201cpeople power\u201d to cultivate a customer base.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 48px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 48px\">The owner knows customers, and the customers know the owner. Customers feel more secure in doing business directly with the owner.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 48px\">Servicing the business will demand more responsibility from every level in the organization. The owner is held accountable for whatever happens. There is no buffer zone.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 48px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 48px\">Business trips are much more efficient and effective because an owner can meet directly with the customer responsible for selling the product.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 48px\">The owner may not be able to respond to customer communications as quickly as a local agent can.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 72px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 72px\">The owner knows whom to contact if something is not working. The owner gets slightly better protection for trademarks, patents, and copyrights.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 72px\">The owner must handle all the logistics of the transaction. If it is a technological product, the owner must be prepared to respond to technical questions and provide on-site start-up training and ongoing support services.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 72px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 72px\">The owner is presented as fully committed and engaged in the export process and develops a better understanding of the marketplace. As a business develops in the foreign market, the owner has greater flexibility to improve or redirect marketing efforts.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 72px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"copyright\">\r\n<p class=\"para\">Source: [footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cDirect Exporting: Advantages and Disadvantages to Direct Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">About.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/importexport.about.com\/od\/DevelopingSalesAndDistribution\/a\/Direct-Exporting-Advantages-And-Disadvantages-To-Direct-Exporting.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/importexport.about.com\/od\/DevelopingSalesAndDistribution\/a\/Direct-Exporting-Advantages-And-Disadvantages-To-Direct-Exporting.htm<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s02\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Indirect Exporting<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\"><em><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1212\"]Indirect exporting[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0involves entering \u201cinto an agreement with an agent, distributor, or a traditional exporting house for the purpose of selling (or marketing and selling) the products in the target market.\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_033\">[footnote]Team Canada Inc., \u201c10 Steps to Successful Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">About.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0Many small businesses choose this option, at least at the outset. It is the simplest approach, particularly when a business does not have the necessary human and financial resources to promote products in foreign markets in any other way (see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s02_t01\">Table 18.2 \"Advantages and Disadvantages of Indirect Exporting\"<\/a>).<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_034\">[footnote]CBS Investment, \u201cAdvantages and Disadvantages of Direct and Indirect Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">CBS Investment<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsinvestment.com\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-direct-and-indirect-exports\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.cbsinvestment.com\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-direct-and-indirect-exports\/<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0The easiest way to export indirectly is to sell to an intermediary in the United States because the business will normally not be responsible for collecting payment from the overseas customer or coordinating the shipping logistics.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_035\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, <em class=\"emphasis\">Start and Run a Profitable Exporting Business<\/em> (Vancouver, BC: Self-Counsel Press, 1998): chapter 8.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"table block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s02_t01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Table 18.2<\/span> Advantages and Disadvantages of Indirect Exporting<\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Advantages<\/th>\r\n<th>Disadvantages<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Does not require a lot of organizational effort or staff workers.<\/td>\r\n<td>Not all types of goods lend themselves to indirect exporting (e.g., technically complex goods and services).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>The producer of the goods is subject to only small dangers and risk (e.g., a short-term drop in the exchange rate).<\/td>\r\n<td>The profits of a business will be lower, and control over foreign sales is lost.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>It is an almost risk-free way to begin. It demands minimal involvement in the export process. It allows the owner to continue to concentrate on its domestic business.<\/td>\r\n<td>A business very rarely knows who its customers are, thus losing the opportunity to tailor its offerings to their evolving needs.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>The business has limited liability for product marketing problems. There is always someone else at which to point the finger.<\/td>\r\n<td>When an owner visits, he or she is a step removed from the actual transaction and feels out of the loop.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>The owner learns on the fly about international marketing. Depending on the type of intermediary with which the owner is dealing, the owner does not have to be concerned with shipment and other logistics.<\/td>\r\n<td>The intermediary might be offering products similar to a particular business\u2019s products, including directly competitive products, to the same customers instead of providing exclusive representation.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>A business can field-test its products for export potential. In some instances, the local agent can field technical questions and provide necessary product support.<\/td>\r\n<td>The long-term outlook and goals for an export program can change rapidly, and if a business has put its product in someone else\u2019s hands, it is hard to redirect efforts accordingly.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"copyright\">\r\n<p class=\"para\">Source: [footnote]CBS Investment, \u201cAdvantages and Disadvantages of Direct and Indirect Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">CBS Investment<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsinvestment.com\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-direct-and-indirect-exports\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.cbsinvestment.com\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-direct-and-indirect-exports\/<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]Laurel Delaney, <em class=\"emphasis\">Start and Run a Profitable Exporting Business<\/em> (Vancouver, BC: Self-Counsel Press, 1998), chapter 8.[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Industry Analysis<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Before jumping into the global pond, it is a good idea to identify where an industry currently is and then look at the trends and directions that are predicted over the next three years. This will be true whether a business is only on the ground, only online, or both brick and click.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">A business should try to determine how competitive an industry is in the global market.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_036\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0Try to get as good a picture of the market as possible because the better informed a business is, the better its chances of a successful global entry. Learn a product\u2019s potential in a given market, where the best prospects for success seem to be, and common business practices.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_037\">[footnote]\u201c6 Steps to Begin Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/6-steps-begin-exporting\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.sba.gov\/content\/6-steps-begin-exporting<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">A small business owner may be reticent about conducting market research before going global, particularly if domestic research efforts have been limited or nonexistent. However, the global market is a very different animal compared to the domestic market. It is even more important to conduct thorough market research to help identify possible risks in advance so that the appropriate steps can be taken to avoid mistakes. This ultimately portrays the business as forward-thinking, trustworthy, and credible.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_038\">[footnote]Tricia Phillips, \u201cBiz Bureau Gives Top Tips on Going Global with Your Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Mirror<\/em>, January 26, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mirror.co.uk\/advice\/money\/2011\/01\/26\/biz-bureau-gives-top-tips-on-going-global-with-your-business-115875-22875517\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.mirror.co.uk\/advice\/money\/2011\/01\/26\/biz-bureau-gives-top-tips-on-going-global-with-your-business-115875 -22875517<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Several resources should be consulted. However, the best guide to exporting for the small business comes from the US government.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_039\">[footnote]\u201cA Small Business Guide to Exporting: Part 1\u2014Getting Started,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">AllBusiness.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allbusiness.com\/economy-economic-indicators\/money-currencies\/11790828-1.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.allbusiness.com\/economy-economic-indicators\/money-currencies\/11790828-1.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>The <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SBA<\/a> is a great place to start to find information to help a business break into the global game. The information on exporting and importing is comprehensive and easily understood.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The US government portal <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.export.gov\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Export.gov<\/a> provides online trade resources and one-on-one assistance for global businesses. Export.gov provides particularly helpful information on regulations, licenses, and trade data and analysis. Trade data can help a business identify the best countries to target for exports. A business can gauge the size of the market for a product or a service and develop a pricing strategy to become competitive.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_040\">[footnote]\u201cTrade Data and Analysis,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Export.gov<\/em>, March 3, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/export.gov\/tradedata\/index.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">export.gov\/tradedata\/index.asp<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>The <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">US International Trade Commission<\/a> offers market information, trade leads, and overseas business contacts. Trade professionals are available to help a business every step of the way with information counseling that can reduce costs, risks, and the mystery of exporting.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_041\">[footnote]\u201cSession 11: Global Expansion,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">My Own Business<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>The <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.commerce.gov\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">US Department of Commerce<\/a> provides trade opportunities for US business, export-related assistance, and market information.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_042\">[footnote]\u201cSession 11: Global Expansion,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">My Own Business<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Information about protecting intellectual property abroad can be found at <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.stopfakes.gov\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.stopfakes.gov<\/a>. This is important because counterfeiting and piracy cost the world economy approximately $650 billion per year.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_043\">[footnote]\u201cSession 11: Global Expansion,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">My Own Business<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Other sources to be consulted include people in the same business or industry, industry-specific magazines, trade fairs, seminars,<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_044\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> and export training and technical assistance that is available to small businesses through the states and the federal government. The <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fita.org\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Federation of International Trade Associations<\/a> is a global trade portal that provides trade leads, market research, links to eight thousand import\/export websites, and even travel services. <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldbid.com\/index.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WorldBid.com<\/a> describes itself as the largest network of international trade marketplaces in the world, providing trade leads and new business contacts.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_045\">[footnote]\u201cSession 11: Global Expansion,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">My Own Business<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p05\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">The Internet makes it possible to gather and view tremendous amounts of information. If a business is thinking seriously about going global, there is no better time to take advantage of this quick-and-easy access than now.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_n01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.3\u00a0Knowing the Export Environment<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p06\" class=\"para\">Government experts identify challenges and debunk some myths.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p07\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/exportsuccess.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/exportsuccess.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Business Assessment: Are You Ready?<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">It is important to honestly self-evaluate a business to determine whether it is really ready to go global or not\u2026or at least not yet.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_046\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_046\">\u201cIs Your Small Business Ready to Go Global?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business CEO<\/em>, February 7, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.smbceo.com\/2011\/02\/07\/global-business-2\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.smbceo.com\/2011\/02\/07\/global-business-2<\/a><\/span>\u00a0[\/footnote]If a business is thinking about expanding globally, it is probably already doing something right to have reached this point. However, that does not preclude the importance of assessing its strengths and its weaknesses to determine the approach that should be taken in the global market.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_047\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> This will be true no matter what role e-commerce plays in a business. Even a micromultinational business should assess its strengths and its weaknesses, although its instantaneous presence as a global business means that the assessment must be done at start-up and then must continue as products and services move from country to country.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">There are several issues that should be addressed. The following are some of the questions that should be asked:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_048\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]\u201cStarting an Export Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Gaebler.com<\/em>, May 19, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gaebler.com\/Starting-an-Export-Business.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.gaebler.com\/Starting-an-Export-Business.htm<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, and Jack R. Kapoor, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business<\/em> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 96[\/footnote][footnote]\u201cIs Your Small Business Ready to Go Global?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business CEO<\/em>, February 7, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.smbceo.com\/2011\/02\/07\/global-business-2\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.smbceo.com\/2011\/02\/07\/global-business-2<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Why is a business successful in the domestic market? What is its growth rate? What are its strengths?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What products have export potential? Do the products fill a niche that is exclusive to the US market? Are they packaged in a way that can be understood by non-English-speaking consumers? Do they violate any cultural taboos or contain ingredients that will prohibit their sale in a foreign market? Identify the key selling features of the products, identify the needs that they satisfy, and identify any selling constraints.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What are the competitive advantages of a particular business\u2019s products over other domestic and international businesses?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What competitive products are sold abroad and by whom?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Does the product require complementary goods and technologies? If so, who will provide them?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How will the business provide customer service?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can production handle a wider demographic? Can the business increase output without sacrificing quality?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Does the business have the money to market globally?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is the entire business (including all staff) committed to a global effort?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">If a product is an industrial good, a business will want to know things such as what firms will likely use it, whether its use or life might be affected by climate, and whether geography will present transportation problems that will affect purchase. In the case of a consumer good, a business will want to know who will consume it; how frequently it will be purchased; whether it will be restricted abroad; whether climate or geography will negatively impact accessibility for purchase; and\u2014perhaps most importantly\u2014whether it conflicts with traditions, taboos, habits, or the beliefs of customers abroad.<span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">[footnote]<\/span><span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_049\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_p04\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">A helpful tool to assess readiness is the export questionnaire available at <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.export.gov\/begin\/assessment.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.export.gov\/begin\/assessment.asp<\/a>. This questionnaire highlights characteristics common to successful exporters and identifies areas that need to be strengthened to improve export activities.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_n01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.4\u00a0Where Will Your Next Customer Come From?<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_p05\" class=\"para\">Small businesses looking to grow should look beyond US borders to find new customers.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_p06\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/where-will-your-next-customer-come\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.sba.gov\/content\/where-will-your-next-customer-come<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Marketing<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Just as it is necessary to offer a different marketing mix (see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_f01\">Figure 18.2 \"The Marketing Mix\"<\/a>) for different target markets, it will generally be necessary to adapt the marketing mix to the global market in general and different countries in particular. A business\u2019s unique [pb_glossary id=\"1213\"]value proposition[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0(the set of benefits offered to customers to satisfy their needs and wants consisting of some combination of products, services, information, and experiences)<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_050\">[footnote]Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Management<\/em> (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009), 13.[\/footnote]<\/span> is what will differentiate one marketplace offering from the competition. Given the more diversified competition in the global marketplace, identifying the value proposition is even more critical\u2014and most likely more difficult\u2014than in the domestic market.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_051\">[footnote]Jennifer LeClaire, \u201cHow to Take Your Small Business Global,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">E-Commerce Times<\/em>, June 20, 2006, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ecommercetimes.com\/story\/50910.html%20?wlc=1305842348\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.ecommercetimes.com\/story\/50910.html%20?wlc=1305842348<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"figure large medium-height editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_f01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 18.2<\/span> The Marketing Mix<\/h3>\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2018\/12\/47a80f97d62ed6d616d287e8ee31ac59.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Product<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The ideal situation is when a product developed for the US market can be sold in a foreign country without any changes. Although some kinds of products can be introduced with no changes (e.g., cameras, consumer electronics, and many machine tools),<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_052\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_052\">Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Management<\/em> (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009), 611.<\/span> [\/footnote]most products usually have to be altered in some way to meet conditions in a foreign market.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_053\">[footnote]John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 49.[\/footnote]<\/span> From a small business perspective, the owner will want to market products that do not require drastic changes to be accepted. Relatively minor packaging changes, such as size or the language on the package, can be made inexpensively, but more drastic changes should be avoided. If a product must be changed drastically to market it globally, conduct an in-depth cost analysis to determine whether the additional costs will outweigh the anticipated benefits.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_054\">[footnote]\u201cAll About Global Marketing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">BusinessKnowledgeSource.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.businessknowledgesource.com\/marketing\/all_about_global_marketing_032164.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.businessknowledgesource.com\/marketing\/all_about_global_marketing _032164.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0If a product is a food or a beverage, for example, is the business prepared to make the changes necessary to appeal to widely varying tastes?\u00a0<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_055\">[footnote]Arundhati Parmar, \u201cDependent Variables: Sound Global Strategies Rely on Certain Factors,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing News<\/em>, September 2002, 2.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Products need to be adapted for many reasons, including the following:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_056\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 341, 351, 353[\/footnote][footnote]\u201cGlobal Linguistic Analysis,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Strategic Name Development<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.namedevelopment.com\/global-linguistic-analysis.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.namedevelopment.com\/global-linguistic -analysis.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Different physical or mandated requirements must be met (e.g., electrical goods will need to be rewired for different voltage systems).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The legal, economic, political, technological, and climatic requirements of the local marketplace vary (e.g., varying laws will set specific packaging sizes and safety and quality standards).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The product or the company name must translate flawlessly to the new target market so that it does not convey an unintended, perhaps very negative, meaning. One of the most well-known examples of a translation blunder is the Chevy Nova. In Spanish, \u201cnova\u201d means \u201cno go.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The package label may need to be changed. Imagine the horror of a well-known baby food producer that introduced small jars of baby food in Africa when it found out that the consumers inferred from the baby picture on the jars that the jars contained ground-up babies. This shows us that even big companies can make big mistakes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A change in flavor or fragrance may be necessary to bring a product in line with what is expected in a culture. The pine and hints of ammonia or chlorine scents that are popular in the United States were flops in Japan because many Japanese sleep on the floor on futons. With their heads so close to the floor, a citrus scent is more pleasing.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">The less economically developed a market happens to be, the greater may be the need for product adaptation. Research has found that only one in ten products can be marketed in developing countries without some kind of product adaptation.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_057\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 341.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s01\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Cultural Differences<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">It is important to know that cultural and social differences are intertwined with the perceived value and importance that a market places on a product.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_058\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343.[\/footnote]<\/span> \u201cA product is more than a physical item: It is a bundle of satisfactions (or <em class=\"emphasis\">utilities<\/em>) that the buyer receives. These include its form, taste, color, odor, and texture; how it functions in use; the package; the label; the warranty; the manufacturer\u2019s and retailer\u2019s servicing; the confidence or prestige enjoyed by the brand; the manufacturer\u2019s reputation; the country of origin; and any other symbolic utility received from the possession or use of the goods. In short, the market relates to more than a product\u2019s physical form and primary function.\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_059\">[footnote]C. K. Prahalad, <em class=\"emphasis\">The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid<\/em> (Philadelphia: Wharton School Publishing, 2005), as cited in Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">The values, customs, rituals, language, and taboos within a culture will determine the acceptability of a product or a service. Cultural sensitivity is particularly important in cyberspace. Website visitors may come from anywhere in the world. Icons and gestures that seem friendly to US visitors may shock people from other cultures. For example, a high-five hand gesture would be insulting to a visitor from Greece.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_060\">[footnote]David L. Kurtz, <em class=\"emphasis\">Contemporary Business<\/em> (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 109.[\/footnote]<\/span> Knives and scissors should not be given as gifts in South America because they symbolize the severing of a friendship.\u00a0<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_061\">[footnote]David L. Kurtz, <em class=\"emphasis\">Contemporary Business<\/em> (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 109.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">The <em><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1214\"]psychological attributes[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><\/em> of a product (features that have little to do with the primary function of the product but add value to customer satisfaction, e.g., color, size, design, brand name, and price)[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_062\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343.<\/span> [\/footnote] can also vary across cultures, and the meaning and the value assigned to those attributes can be positive or negative. It may be necessary to adapt the nonphysical features of the product to maximize the positive meanings and eliminate the negative ones.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_063\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343.[\/footnote]<\/span> When Coca-Cola, the number one global brand, introduced Diet Coke to Japan, it found that Japanese women do not like to admit to dieting. Further, the idea of diet was associated with medicine and sickness. Coca-Cola ended up changing the name to Coke Light.[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_064\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343.<\/span> [\/footnote] This happened in Europe as well, so if a product is associated with weight loss, a business must be very careful with its marketing.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s02\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">The Package<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The package for a product includes its design, colors, labeling, trademarks, brand name, size, product information, and the actual packaging materials. There are many reasons why a package may have to be adapted for a particular country. There may be laws that stipulate a specific type of bottle or can, package sizes, measurement units, extraheavy packaging, and the use of particular words on the label.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_065\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 352.[\/footnote]<\/span> In some cases, the expense of package adaptation may be cost prohibitive for entering a market. Consider the following examples:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_066\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 352\u201353.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s02_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>In Japan, a poorly packaged product is seen as an indicator of product quality.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Prices are required to be printed on the labels in Venezuela, but putting prices on labels or in any way suggesting the retail price in Chile is illegal.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A soft-drink company from the United States incorporated six-point stars as decoration on its package labels. But it had inadvertently offended some of its Arab customers who interpreted the stars as symbolizing pro-Israeli sentiment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Soft drinks are sold in smaller sizes in Japan to accommodate the smaller Japanese hand.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Descriptive words such as giant or jumbo on a package or a label may be illegal in some countries.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">The message here is clear. Before going global with a product, examine the packaging so that each element is in compliance with appropriate laws and regulations so that nothing will offend prospective customers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"callout editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s02_n01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Global Packaging<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s02_p03\" class=\"para\">Canada\u2019s oldest candymaker, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ganong.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ganong Brothers<\/a>, is located about one mile from Maine. The company chairman, David Ganong, can see the US border from his office window. You would think it would be easy for Ganong Brothers to sell to the US market. Not so. In Canada, nutritional labels read <em class=\"emphasis\">5 mg<\/em>, with a space between the number and the unit of measurement. Ganong\u2019s jellybeans cannot get into America unless the label reads <em class=\"emphasis\">5mg<\/em>, without the space. This difference, as well as differences in Canada\u2019s nutritional guidelines, means that Ganong must produce and package its US products separately, which reduces its efficiency. Small differences can and do have a significant effect on cross-border trade. This may be the reason why there is not as much trade between the United States and Canada as you would think.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_067\">[footnote]Ryan Underwood, \u201cCreating a Smart Export Strategy,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Inc<\/em>., May 3, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/magazine\/20110501\/author-pankaj-ghemawat-on-global-expansion-for-small-exporters.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/magazine\/20110501\/author-pankaj-ghemawat -on-global-expansion-for-small-exporters.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0This notwithstanding, however, Canada remains the number one exporting destination for US small businesses.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_068\">[footnote]\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US International Trade Commission<\/em>, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">The Business Website<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">As part of product preparations, a business will need to make its website ready for international business. Remember that the website is a very cost-effective way to sell a product or a service across borders. Here are four ways to ready the website:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_069\">[footnote]Anita Campbell, \u201cHow to Make Your Website Ready for International Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, October 29, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_l01\" class=\"orderedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Internationalize website content.<\/strong> A business must account for language differences, and cultural differences may require different graphics and different colors. One way to deal with the additional costs is to translate text or provide country-specific sites only for the country or countries where the most products are sold. One organization that provides resources to help businesses localize their products and resources is the <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gala-global.org\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Globalization and Localization Association<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Calculate the buyer\u2019s costs and estimate shipping.<\/strong> Shipping internationally will take longer, is more complicated, and will be more expensive than shipping domestically. Fortunately, there are shipping management software packages available that will automatically figure the costs and delivery times for overseas orders, giving a close estimate. Large shipping carriers, such as UPS and FedEx, offer such software; other companies include E4X Inc., eCustoms, and Kewill Systems Plc.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_070\">[footnote]Paul Demery, \u201cAnchors Aweigh,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Internet Retailer<\/em>, January 31, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.internetretailer.com\/2008\/01\/31\/anchors-aweigh\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.internetretailer.com\/2008\/01\/31\/anchors-aweigh<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Optimize site and search marketing for international web visitors.<\/strong> With the increase in cross-border selling, websites can be optimized for visitors from specific countries, and techniques can be used to attract international visitors through search engines and search ads. This is a growing specialty among search marketers. A business should definitely check out the cost of hiring such a marketer as a consultant. It would be well worth the investment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Comply with government export regulations.<\/strong> A business does not need government approval to sell most goods and services across international borders. There are, of course, notable exceptions. For example, the US government restricts defense or military goods, and agricultural, plant, and food items may have restrictions or special labeling requirements. Such restrictions should be addressed on the website. It may be necessary to restrict the sale of certain products to certain countries only.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_n01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.5\u00a0Finding Your First Customer<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_p02\" class=\"para\">To find the first customer, visit the selected country.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_p03\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/findingfirst.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/findingfirst.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"callout editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_n02\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Translation Blunders in Global Marketing<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_p04\" class=\"para\">We often hear it said that something was lost in the translation. Here are some global marketing examples of translation blunders. Something important to note is that most of these blunders were committed by the \u201cbig guys,\u201d companies that are extremely marketing-savvy\u2014proof positive that no one is immune from this kind of error.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>When Coca-Cola was first translated phonetically into Chinese, the result was a phrase that meant \u201cbite the wax tadpole.\u201d When Coca-Cola discovered the error, the company was able to find a close phonetic equivalent that could be loosely translated as \u201chappiness in the mouth.\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_071\">[footnote]\u201cTranslation Problems in Global Marketing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">My Opera<\/em>, November 14, 2006, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/my.opera.com\/kitkreuger\/blog\/2006\/11\/14\/translation-problems-in-global-marketing\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">my.opera.com\/kitkreuger\/blog\/2006\/11\/14\/translation -problems-in-global-marketing<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>When Pope John Paul II visited Miami in 1987, an ambitious entrepreneur wanted to sell t-shirts with the logo, \u201cI saw the Pope\u201d in Spanish. The entrepreneur forgot that the definite article in Spanish has two genders. Instead of printing \u201cEl Papa\u201d (\u201cthe Pope\u201d), he printed \u201cLa Papa\u201d (\u201cthe potato\u201d). Needless to say, there was no market for t-shirts that read \u201cI saw the potato.\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_072\">[footnote]\u201cTranslation Problems in Global Marketing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">My Opera<\/em>, November 14, 2006, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/my.opera.com\/kitkreuger\/blog\/2006\/11\/14\/translation-problems-in-global-marketing\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">my.opera.com\/kitkreuger\/blog\/2006\/11\/14\/translation -problems-in-global-marketing<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sunbeam got into trouble when it did not change the name of its Mist-Stick curling iron when marketing it in Germany. As it turned out, \u201cmist\u201d is German slang for manure. Not surprisingly, German women did not want to use a manure stick in their hair.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_073\">[footnote]Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Management<\/em> (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009), 613.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>A proposed new soap called \u201cDainty\u201d in English came out as \u201caloof\u201d in Flemish (Belgium), \u201cdimwitted\u201d in Farsi (Iran), and \u201ccrazy person\u201d in Korean. The product was dropped.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_074\"><a href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/attribution.html?utm_source=citation\">[citation redacted per publisher request]<\/a>.<\/span> The company either did not have the resources to research a new name or did not want to take the time and incur the costs to do so.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Kellogg\u2019s Bran Buds sounded like \u201cburned farmer\u201d in Swedish.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_075\">[footnote]John Freivalds, \u201cWhat\u2019s in a Name?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Business Library<\/em>, April 1996, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/findarticles.com\/p\/articles\/mi_m4422\/is_n4_v13\/ai_18512264\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">findarticles.com\/p\/articles\/mi_m4422\/is_n4_v13\/ai_18512264<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_p05\" class=\"para\">Given that misunderstanding foreign languages can destroy a brand, it is worth the investment to hire someone who is proficient in the native language in the intended market\u2014including the use of slang. This will help a small business avoid a fatal mistake because it does not have the resources of the big companies to fix the mistakes.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_076\">[footnote]Jeffrey Gangemi, \u201cAvoiding Faux Pas When Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Bloomberg BusinessWeek<\/em>, June 27, 2007, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.BusinessWeek.com\/smallbiz\/content\/jun2007\/sb20070627_897013.htm?campaign_id=rss_smlbz\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.BusinessWeek.com\/smallbiz\/content\/jun2007\/sb20070627_897013.htm?campaign_id=rss_smlbz<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>\u00a0This concern must be extended to the web presence as well because the website is an integral part of the product.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s02\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Price<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Pricing for the global market is not an easy thing to do. Many factors must be taken into account, the first of which are traditional price considerations: fixed and variable costs, competition, company objectives, proposed positioning strategies, the target group, and willingness to pay.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_077\">[footnote]\u201cThe International Marketing Mix,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Learn Marketing<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> Add to these factors things such as the additional costs that are incurred due to taxes, tariffs, transportation, retailer margin, and currency fluctuation risks;<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_078\">[footnote]John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 40[\/footnote][footnote]Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Management<\/em> (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009), 616.[\/footnote]<\/span> the nature of the product or industry, the location of production facility, and the distribution system;<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_079\">[footnote]Eric Mitchell, \u201cThe Pricing Advisor,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Pricing Advisor Newsletter<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/members.pricingsociety.com\/articles\/Pricing-for-Global-Markets.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">members.pricingsociety.com\/articles\/Pricing-for-Global-Markets.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> the psychological effects of price; the rest of the marketing mix; and the price transparency created by the Internet<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_080\">[footnote]\u201cThe International Marketing Mix,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Learn Marketing<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> and a business can begin to appreciate the challenges of global price setting. About the only thing that can be seen as a certainty is that a small business should expect the price of its product or service to be different, usually higher, in a foreign market.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_081\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_081\">John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 50.<\/span>[\/footnote] The specifics of that difference need to be worked out carefully, with thorough analysis.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Setting the right price for a product or a service is critical to success. It will be a challenge to navigate the pricing waters of each different country\u2014to learn why, for example, a product sells for $16 in the United States but $23 in Britain.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Place<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">As challenging as distribution may be for a small business in the domestic market, it is even more so for the global market. No matter the product, it has to go through a [pb_glossary id=\"1216\"]<strong>distribution process<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary]\u2014the physical handling and distribution of goods, the passage of ownership or title, and the buying and selling negotiations between producers and middlemen and middlemen and customers.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_082\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_082\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 396.<\/span>[\/footnote] It would make sense to be able to take advantage of existing transportation systems, retailers, and suppliers to sell goods and provide services. Unfortunately, adequate distribution systems do not exist in all countries, so a business will need to develop ways to get products to customers in as cost-effective a manner as possible.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_083\">[footnote]John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 50.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_n01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.6\u00a0Getting Your Product from Here to There<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p02\" class=\"para\">Small businesses rely on freight forwarding and shipping experts to move products around the world.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p03\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/heretothere.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/heretothere.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Before deciding on a channel or channels of distribution, a business needs information. The following are some basic questions as a starting point:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Is the selected market dominated by major retailers or is the retail sector made up of small independent retailers?<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_084\">[footnote]\u201cThe International Marketing Mix,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Learn Marketing<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>How many intermediaries will be involved? In Japan, for example, a product must go through approximately five different types of wholesalers before it reaches the final consumer.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_085\">[footnote]\u201cThe International Marketing Mix,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Learn Marketing<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can we use the manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer, or consumer channel or can we export directly to a retailer?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Should we work with a foreign partner? Unless a business plans to establish a retail operation on foreign soil, it will need to establish business-to-business (B2B) sales relationships. Then products can be sold directly to foreign retailers or foreign distributors who will sell to those retailers. A foreign partner can provide valuable insights about local import regulations, product marketability, and local customs. The US Department of Commerce website contains directories of foreign buyers.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_086\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_086\">Ryan Underwood, \u201cCreating a Smart Export Strategy,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Inc.<\/em>, May 3, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/magazine\/20110501\/author-pankaj-ghemawat-on-global-expansion-for-small-exporters.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/magazine\/20110501\/author-pankaj-ghemawat -on-global-expansion-for-small-exporters.html<\/a><\/span>[\/footnote] Small businesses excel at forming strategic partnerships.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_087\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cGlobal Guru: Shaking Things Up. Making Things Happen,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Change This<\/em>, October 2004, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/changethis.com\/manifesto\/6.03.GlobalGuru\/pdf\/6.03.GlobalGuru.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">changethis.com\/manifesto\/6.03.GlobalGuru\/pdf\/6.03.GlobalGuru.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Where can we attend a trade show or a trade mission? Going to these events can help a business find distribution channels.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is the Internet commonly used to distribute my product?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_n02\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.7\u00a0Understanding Partnerships and Distributors<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p05\" class=\"para\">Partnerships help many thriving US businesses overseas.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p06\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/partnerships.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/partnerships.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_n03\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.8\u00a0Identifying Marketing Channels\/Activities<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p07\" class=\"para\">How research and planning inform business growth.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p08\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/marketingchannels.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/marketingchannels.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p09\" class=\"para editable block\">In the final analysis, the behavior of distribution channel members will be the result of the interaction between cultural, economic, political, legal, and marketing environments. A small business that is looking to go global\u2014or is already there\u2014will encounter channel structures that range from a minimally developed marketing infrastructure, such as in emerging markets, to highly complex, multilayered systems, such as in Japan.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_088\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 396.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p10\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">When deciding to enter the global marketplace, a determination must be made as to whether the current channel structure in the selected country (or countries) will meet the business\u2019s needs or whether some additional arrangements will be needed. The means of distribution will necessarily be a country-by-country decision. No matter the arrangement, however, figure on the costs being greater than in the United States.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Promotion<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">It is understandable that a small business owner may want to use the same integrated marketing communications (IMC) programs used in the home market to inform customers in foreign markets and persuade them to buy. This \u201cone voice\u201d approach offers the advantage of enabling a business or a product to gain broader recognition in the global marketplace; it also helps reduce costs, minimize redundancies in personnel, and maximize the speed of implementation.[footnote].<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_089\">John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 50<\/span>[\/footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_089\">[footnote]\u201cGlobal Marketing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">SmallBusiness.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Global_marketing\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Global_marketing<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> However, things are not that easy. Cultural, social, language, and legal differences from country to country will usually make it necessary to modify IMC messages to not offend current or prospective customers. Modification is more of a challenge for the small business because the resources needed to make the changes are more limited.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">A business communicates with its customers through some combination of its website, advertising, publicity, public relations, sales promotion, sales personnel, e-mail, and social media. The actual mix will be a function of the selected country or countries. For example, in some less-developed countries, the major portion of the promotional effort in rural and less-accessible parts of the market is sales promotion; in other markets, product sampling works especially well when the product concept is new or has a very small market share.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_090\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_090\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 468.<\/span>[\/footnote] In Saudi Arabia, there is an appreciation for fancy packaging, and point-of-sale advertising elicits the best reaction.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_091\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_091\">Marian Katz, \u201cNo Women, No Alcohol; Learn Saudi Taboos before Placing Ads,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Abstracts, Business International<\/em>, 1986, accessed June 1, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.faqs.org\/abstracts\/Business-international\/No-women-no-alcohol-learn-Saudi-taboos-before-placing-ads.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.faqs.org\/abstracts \/Business-international\/No-women-no-alcohol-learn-Saudi-taboos-before-placing-ads.html<\/a><\/span>[\/footnote] However, the appropriateness of IMC activities for a small business will depend on the product being marketed, the industry in which it is competing, and the country in which it hopes to sell the product.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Of all the four Ps, decisions involving advertising are thought to be those most often affected by cultural differences in foreign markets. Consumers respond in terms of their culture, style, feelings, value systems, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions. Because advertising\u2019s function is to interpret or translate the qualities of products and services in terms of consumer needs, wants, desires, and aspirations, emotional appeals, symbols, persuasive approaches, and other characteristics in an advertisement must coincide with cultural norms if the ad is to be effective.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_092\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 473.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p04\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Examples abound of international advertising mistakes that have offended different cultures. Three are presented here. Although they are linked to large corporations, there are lessons to be learned by small businesses. No business is immune from making mistakes from time to time.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Burger King ran in-store ads for three restaurants in Spain that depicted the Hindu goddess Lakshami on top of a ham sandwich. The caption read, \u201ca snack that is sacred.\u201d Many Hindus are vegetarian and were offended by the ad. Burger King pulled it.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_093\">[footnote]Emily Bryson York, \u201cBurger King\u2019s MO: Offend, Earn Media, Apologize, Repeat,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Ad Age Global<\/em>, July 8, 2009, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/adage.com\/article\/global-news\/advertising-burger-king-draws-ire-hindus-ad\/137801\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">adage.com\/article\/global-news\/advertising-burger-king-draws-ire-hindus-ad\/137801<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Burger King ran a campaign in Europe for the Texican Whopper that featured a lanky American cowboy; a short, round Mexican draped in a cape resembling Mexico\u2019s flag; and the caption, \u201cthe taste of Texas with a little spicy Mexican.\u201d There was an immediate uproar, with the Mexican ambassador to Spain objecting publicly.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_094\">[footnote]Shaun Rein, \u201cLearn from Burger King\u2019s Advertising Fiasco,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Forbes<\/em>, April 20, 2009, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/2009\/04\/20\/advertising-global-mistakes-leadership-managing-marketing.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.forbes.com\/2009\/04\/20\/advertising-global-mistakes -leadership-managing-marketing.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>During a time when Fiat was trying to take advantage of auto sales growth in China, it released an ad in Italy in which actor Richard Gere drove a Lancia Delta from Hollywood to Tibet. The ad did not air in China, but it caused an online uproar nonetheless. Richard Gere is hated in China because he is an outspoken supporter of the Dalai Lama. His selection as the Fiat spokesperson was a major faux pas by Fiat.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_095\">[footnote]Shaun Rein, \u201cLearn from Burger King\u2019s Advertising Fiasco,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Forbes<\/em>, April 20, 2009, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/2009\/04\/20\/advertising-global-mistakes-leadership-managing-marketing.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.forbes.com\/2009\/04\/20\/advertising-global-mistakes -leadership-managing-marketing.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">The reality of international advertising is that its cost and the effort required to prepare and place the ads correctly may be prohibitive for most small businesses, therefore pushing the emphasis on other elements of the IMC mix. However, a business will not know that for sure until it does the proper research before making a decision. Consider the characteristics of the target market, how the market uses media in that country, and which media are actually available. Some countries do not have commercial television, and some do not have advertising in newspapers. There will be newspaper and magazine circulation differences from country to country; in countries with a low literacy rate, radio and television advertising (if available) will be more effective than print media.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_096\">[footnote]John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 50.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p06\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Fortunately, small businesses that want to go global can look to social media for assistance. The social web is a low-cost way to catapult a small business brand into the global arena.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_097\">[footnote]Susan Gunelius, \u201cBuilding Your Brand with Social Media,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Reuters<\/em>, January 4, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2011\/01\/05\/idUS16245956220110105\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.reuters.com\/article\/2011\/01\/05\/idUS16245956220110105<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> Facebook, the most popular social networking site in the world, has developed a self-serve advertising tool that has created the greatest interest among small businesses that might not have had the means to launch a global advertising campaign before. This would be a good place to start\u2014along with a map of the world\u2019s most popular media applications country by country and culture by culture, which is available at <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.appappeal.com\/the-most-popular-app-per-country\/social-networking\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.appappeal.com\/the-most-popular-app-per-country\/social-networking<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p07\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">No matter the mix of the IMC program, and no matter whether a business is business-to-consumer (B2C) or B2B, the way a business communicates internationally will be a major determinant of success. Each IMC component is a communication channel in its own right. A business must consider the appropriateness of each message in each channel. For example, is the message adequate? Does it contain correct cultural interpretations? Are the colors and graphics right? In the case of advertising, have the media been chosen that match the behavior of the intended audience? Have you correctly assessed the needs and wants or the thinking processes of the target market?<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_098\">[footnote]Adapted from Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 479.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p08\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Careful consideration of these and other communication issues will not guarantee success, but it should help reduce the chances of making a major marketing blunder.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Legal and Political Issues<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">It is impossible for any small business to know all the laws that pertain to exporting from the United States. Thus it is important to consult an attorney who is knowledgeable about the legal implications of globalization: international trade laws, tax laws, local regulations,<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_099\">[footnote]\u201cSmall Business Globalization: Should You Pursue Global Markets?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">more-for-small business.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.more-for-small-business.com\/small-business-globalization-should-you-pursue-global-markets.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.more-for-small-business.com\/small-business-globalization-should-you-pursue-global-markets.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> international border restrictions, customs rules, and duties and taxes.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_100\">[footnote]Paul Demery, \u201cAnchors Aweigh,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Internet Retailer<\/em>, January 31, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.internetretailer.com\/2008\/01\/31\/anchors-aweigh\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.internetretailer.com\/2008\/01\/31\/anchors-aweigh<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">To varying degrees, each small business must be concerned with the following. However, this list is not exhaustive; it is a sampling only.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act makes it illegal for companies to pay bribes to foreign officials, candidates, or political parties. The challenge for all US businesses is that bribery is a common business practice in many countries, even though it is illegal.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_101\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 203.[\/footnote]<\/span> Interestingly, private business bribes are tax deductible in Germany as long as the German businessperson discloses both his or her identity and the recipient of the bribe(s). Although it is supposedly rarely used, it is available.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_102\">[footnote]Joshua Ritchie, \u201cThe 5 Most Bizarre Tax Deductions around the World,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Mint Software Inc.<\/em>, December 15, 2009, accessed June 1, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mint.com\/blog\/trends\/the-5-most-bizarre-tax-deductions-around-the-world\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.mint.com\/blog\/trends\/the-5-most-bizarre-tax-deductions-around-the-world\/<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Specific licenses and permits are required or additional paperwork must be completed if the following specific products are exported or imported: agricultural products, automobiles (not a likely product for a small business), chemicals, defense products, food and beverage products, industrial goods, and pharmaceutical and biotechnology products.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_103\">[footnote]\u201cExporting\/Importing Specific Products,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/exportingimporting-specific-products\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.sba.gov\/content\/exportingimporting-specific-products<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>There is heightened sensitivity since September 11, 2011, about exporting products that could even remotely be used in a military or a terrorist capacity.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_104\">[footnote]\u201cFor Entrepreneurs: Starting an Export Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Gaebler.com<\/em>, May 19, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gaebler.com\/Starting-an-Export-Business.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.gaebler.com\/Starting-an-Export-Business.htm<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Brand names, trademarks, products, processes, designs, and formulas are among the more valuable assets a small business can possess. These need to be protected\u2014domestically and internationally. US officials estimate that $300 billion of intellectual property assets are ripped off every year.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_105\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 193.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are commercial laws within countries related to marketing, environmental issues, and antitrust.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_n01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.9\u00a0Understanding Legal Considerations<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_p03\" class=\"para\">Important legal considerations for small businesses that want to go global.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_p04\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/legal.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/legal.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">In addition to legal considerations, no small business can conduct global business without understanding the influence of the political environments in which it will be operating.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_106\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 158.[\/footnote]<\/span> Every nation has the sovereign right to grant or withhold permission to do business within its political boundaries and control where its citizens do business, so the political environment of countries is necessarily a critical concern to any small business.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_107\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_107\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 158.<\/span>[\/footnote] Political issues include the stability of government policies (a stable and friendly government being the ideal), the forms of government (with some being more open to foreign commerce than others), political parties and their influence on economic policy, the degree of nationalism (the greater the nationalism, the greater the bias against foreign business and investments may be), fear and\/or animosity that is targeted toward a specific country, and trade disputes.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_108\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_108\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 159-165.<\/span>[\/footnote] One or all these things create political risk that must be assessed. The most severe political risk is confiscation, the seizing of a company\u2019s assets without payment.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_109\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 166.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s06\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Currency Exchange Issues<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s06_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The [pb_glossary id=\"1217\"]<em><strong>exchange rate<\/strong><\/em>[\/pb_glossary] is the rate at which one country\u2019s currency can be exchanged for the currency of another country.[footnote]J<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_110\">ohn M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 39.<\/span>[\/footnote] For example, assume that on a particular day, $1 exchanged for 0.75643 euros and 49.795 Indian rupees.[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_111\">\u201cEuro,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">X-rates.com<\/em>, accessed March 5, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.x-rates.com\/d\/EUR\/table.html;%20X-rates.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.x-rates.com\/d\/EUR\/table.html;%20X-rates.com<\/a><\/span>[\/footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_111\">[footnote]\u201cIndian Rupee,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">X-Rates<\/em>, accessed March 5, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.x-rates.com\/d\/INR\/table.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.x-rates.com\/d\/INR\/table.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> These exchange rates then changed the next day, when $1 exchanged for 0.6891 euros and 49.845 Indian rupees, meaning that the value of the US dollar <em class=\"emphasis\">increased<\/em> in value with respect to the euro and <em class=\"emphasis\">decreased<\/em> in value against the Indian rupee. Currency exchange rates change daily, and they are important because currency fluctuations can present additional problems for the small business looking to go global. The appreciation and depreciation of a currency will have an effect on the prices of goods and services. For example, as the dollar declines in value against the euro, the price of goods and services from the European Union for US customers will increase, likely reducing their purchases.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_112\">[footnote]John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 39.[\/footnote]<\/span> The following are other implications of exchange rate fluctuations:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_113\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 537[\/footnote][footnote]David L. Kurtz, <em class=\"emphasis\">Contemporary Business<\/em> (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 113.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s06_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Inattention to exchange rates in long-term contracts could result in large unintended discounts.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Rapid and unexpected currency fluctuations can make pricing in local currencies very difficult.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Shifts in exchange rates can influence the attractiveness of various business decisions, not the least of which is whether doing business in a particular country is worthwhile.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s06_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Different strategies may be needed when the dollar is weak versus when it is strong. For example, when the US dollar is weak, a business should stress price benefits. When the dollar is strong, a business can engage in nonprice competition by improving quality, delivery, and after-sale services.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_114\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_114\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 538.<\/span>[\/footnote] To navigate these challenging currency exchange waters, it will be necessary to tap into accounting and finance expertise.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Sources of Financing<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">How a business finances an export project is often a critical factor in its success. Financing decisions extend to working capital and export transactions. Working capital is needed to finance operations before and after a sale, and money is needed to sustain a business until it is paid for the goods and services that have been provided (export transactions). The <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.wita.org\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Trade Association<\/a> in the US Department of Commerce identifies the following factors as important to consider when making financing decisions.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_115\">[footnote]US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 193\u201394.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">The need for financing to make the sale.<\/strong> Offering favorable payment terms can make a product more competitive.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">The length of time the product is being financed.<\/strong> The term of the loan required determines how long a business will have to wait before the buyer pays for the product, which will influence the choice of how to finance the transaction.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">The cost of different methods of financing.<\/strong> Interest rates and fees will vary, and a business should probably expect to assume some of the financing costs. Before providing an invoice to the buyer, a business must understand how these costs will affect price and profit.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">The risks associated with financing the transaction.<\/strong> The riskier the transaction, the more difficult and costly it will be for a business to finance it because there will likely be a higher chance for default. The level of risk will be influenced by several things, not the least of which is the political and economic stability of the buyer\u2019s country. In risky situations, the financing provider may require the most secure method of payment\u2014a letter of credit or export credit insurance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">The need for preshipment financing and postshipment working capital.<\/strong> Working capital could experience unexpected and severe strains with the production of an unusually large order or a surge of orders. Inadequate working capital can limit exporting growth\u2014even during normal periods.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Where to Go<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Small businesses have reported that problems with access to financing for their exporting operations are a major barrier to exporting. The difficulties they experience in obtaining both trade finance and working capital often prevent small businesses from financing purchases by foreign buyers. This encourages foreign buyers to choose suppliers that are able to extend credit. Small businesses must also face the perception of lending institutions that they are a higher risk than larger companies coupled with a lack of familiarity with exporting by community banks.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_116\">[footnote]\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US International Trade Commission<\/em>, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf<\/a>[\/footnote]<a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Despite any anticipated difficulties, small businesses need to find export financing. They can look for financing in several places. The first place to look is internally. Does it already have the funds to finance global efforts? If the answer is yes, then all is well. This was the case for Center Rock, the small business featured at the beginning of this chapter. If the answer is no, which will most likely be the case, it will be necessary to look for external financing. A range of options is available for small businesses to consider (see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_t01\">Table 18.3 \"Sources of Export Financing for the Small Business\"<\/a>). As you will see, most financing sources are available from the government. A small business must become familiar with the financing, insurance, and grant programs that are available to help it finance transactions and carry out export operations.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_117\">[footnote]\u201c6 Steps to Begin Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/6-steps-begin-exporting\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.sba.gov\/content\/6-steps-begin-exporting<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"table block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_t01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Table 18.3<\/span> Sources of Export Financing for the Small Business<\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Source<\/th>\r\n<th>Information<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Extending credit to foreign buyers working with commercial banks<\/td>\r\n<td>Liberal financing can enhance export competitiveness, but extending credit must be weighed carefully. Some commercial bank services used to finance domestic business, including revolving lines of credit for working capital, are often needed to finance export sales until payment is received. However, commercial banks prefer to establish an ongoing business relationship instead of financing solely on the basis of an individual order. Most US banks do not lend against export orders, export receivables, or letters of credit.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Export Express 7(a) Loan Programs<\/td>\r\n<td>Offered by the SBA, this streamlined program helps small businesses develop or expand their export markets. A business may be able to obtain SBA-backed financing for loans and lines of credit up to $500,000.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Export Working Capital Program (EWCP) 7(a) Loan Programs<\/td>\r\n<td>This SBA loan program targets small businesses that are able to generate export sales but need additional working capital to support these sales. The SBA provides lenders guarantees of up to 90 percent on export loans to ensure that qualified exporters do not lose viable export sales due to a lack of working capital.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>International Trade Loan Program 7(a) Loan Programs<\/td>\r\n<td>Loans are available for businesses that plan to start or continue exporting or have been adversely affected by competition from imports. The loan proceeds must enable the borrower to be in a better position to compete. The program offers borrowers a maximum SBA-guaranteed portion of $1.75 million.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Export-Import Bank<\/td>\r\n<td>An independent federal agency that provides working capital loan guarantees, export-credit insurance, and other forms of financing for US exporters of all sizes. The funds are aimed at offsetting the added risks of doing business abroad, from complex trade rules to unpaid bills.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Using export intermediaries<\/td>\r\n<td>Many export intermediaries, for example, trading companies and export management companies, can help finance export sales. The intermediaries may provide short-term financing or may purchase the goods to be exported directly from the manufacturer, thus eliminating any risks to the manufacturer that are associated with the export transaction as well as the need for financing.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"copyright\">\r\n<p class=\"para\">Source: [footnote]\u201cExport Financing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/export-financing-0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/export-financing-0<\/a>[\/footnote]<a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/export-financing-0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a>[footnote]US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 194, 197[\/footnote][footnote]\u201cMore Small Businesses Seek Export Financing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Wall Street Journal<\/em>, May 20, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.wsj.com\/in-charge\/2011\/05\/20\/more-small-businesses-seek-export-financing\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/blogs.wsj.com\/in-charge\/2011\/05\/20\/more-small-businesses-seek-export-financing<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_n01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.10\u00a0Financing<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_p03\" class=\"para\">Some of the ways small businesses can finance their exporting projects.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_p04\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/financing.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/financing.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"key_takeaways editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_n02\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Expanding into global markets introduces new complexities into small business operations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The decision to go global should be based on an assessment of the ways to export, an analysis of the industry and a particular company, marketing and cultural factors, legal and political conditions, currency exchange rates, and sources of financing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are two basic ways to export: direct or indirect. In direct exporting, a small business exports directly to a customer who is interested in buying the product. Indirect exporting involves using a middleman for marketing and selling the product in the target market.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Industry analysis involves looking at where an industry currently is and the trends and directions predicted over the next three years so that a business can try to determine how competitive an industry is in the global market.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It is important to honestly self-evaluate a business to determine whether it is ready to go global or not.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It will generally be necessary to adapt the marketing mix to the global market in general and different countries in particular.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Legal issues include international trade laws, tax laws, and local regulations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>No small business can conduct global business without understanding the influence of the political environments in which it will be operating.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Currency exchange rates are important because currency fluctuations can present additional problems for a small business that is looking to go global. In particular, the appreciation and depreciation of a currency will have an effect on the prices of goods and services.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How a business finances an export project is often a critical factor in its success.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Working capital is needed before and after the sale, and money is needed until the goods and services that have been provided have been paid for.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Many\u2014perhaps most\u2014of the sources for small business exporting activity are governmental.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_l02\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Comment on the following: a small business owner firmly believes that because a product is successful in Chicago, Illinois, it will be successful in Tokyo or Berlin.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_118\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_118\">Adapted from Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 367.<\/span>[\/footnote] Be as specific as you can in your comments.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There has been tremendous growth in online business, which has introduced new elements to the legal climate of global business. Patents, brand names, copyrights, and trademarks are difficult to monitor because there are no boundaries with the Internet. What steps could a small business take to protect its trademarks and brands in this environment? Prepare at least five suggestions.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_119\">[footnote]David L. Kurtz, <em class=\"emphasis\">Contemporary Business<\/em> (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 133.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Find a local small business that exports its products. Talk to the owner about his or her experiences. Ask questions such as the following: What convinced you to export? How did you decide on the product(s) to export? Did you have to adapt your product(s) in any way? What were the greatest barriers you had to face?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03\" xml:lang=\"en\">\r\n<h1 class=\"title editable block\">Key Management Decisions and Considerations<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"learning_objectives editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_n01\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Understand the organizational support that will be needed for exporting activities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Understand the need to select the best market to entry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify and describe each possible market entry strategy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Learn about the different approaches to getting paid.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Appreciate the importance of business etiquette when traveling to visit customers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Understand the importance of an export plan.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">After a business decides to jump into the global pond, several key management decisions must be made (<a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_f01\">Figure 18.3 \"Management Decisions\"<\/a>). Among them are organization for the global project, selecting the best market to enter, the level of involvement desired, and how to get paid. There should also be consideration of global etiquette and travel.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"figure large editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_f01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 18.3<\/span> Management Decisions<\/h3>\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2018\/12\/438f02ceadefff25674b1b8e7bb3b578.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Several important questions about the global venture should be answered before making any management decisions or considerations.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_120\">[footnote]<\/span><span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_120\">\u201cManagement Issues Involved in the Export Decision,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Export.gov<\/em>, March 31, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> Less than satisfactory answers to these questions may put the global venture in jeopardy.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_l02\" class=\"orderedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Do the company\u2019s reasons for pursuing export markets include solid objectives, such as increasing sales volume or developing a broader, more stable customer base, or are the reasons frivolous, such as the owner wants an excuse to travel?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How committed is top management to the export effort? Is it viewed as a quick fix for a slump in domestic sales? Will the company neglect its export customers if domestic sales pick up?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What are management\u2019s expectations for the export effort? Will they expect export operations to become self-sustaining quickly? If so, how quickly?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What level of return on investment is expected from the export project?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s01\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Organization for the Global Project<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">It will be important to have some kind of structure or team within the business to handle the global side of the business. It does not have to be large, but it should be dedicated to ensuring that export sales are adequately serviced, and there should be a clear indication of who will be responsible for the organization and staffing.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_121\">[footnote]\u201cManagement Issues Involved in the Export Decision,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Export.gov<\/em>, March 31, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> Having the right resources for the global effort is critical, so a business should make the most of skills already held by staff members, for example, languages or familiarity with a range of foreign currencies. If these and other needed skills are not already available on staff, a small business should seek assistance from external experts.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_122\">[footnote]Tricia Phillips, \u201cBiz Bureau Gives Top Tips on Going Global with Your Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Mirror<\/em>, January 26, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mirror.co.uk\/advice\/money\/2011\/01\/26\/biz-bureau-gives-top-tips-on-going-global-with-your-business-115875-22875517\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.mirror.co.uk\/advice\/money\/2011\/01\/26\/biz-bureau-gives-top-tips-on-going-global-with-your-business-115875 -22875517<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Other organizational issues that small businesses must address before going abroad include the following:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_123\">[footnote]Denise O\u2019Berry, \u201cIs Now the Time to Expand to Global Markets?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">AllBusiness.com<\/em>, April 14, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-management\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-management\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-management\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a>[footnote]Anita Campbell, \u201cSmaller and Younger Companies Get Overseas Presence,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, December 7, 2007, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2007\/12\/smaller-and-younger-companies-get-overseas-presence.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2007\/12\/smaller-and-younger-companies-get-overseas-presence.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_123\">\u201c<\/span><span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_123\">Management Issues Involved in the Export Decision,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Export.gov<\/em>, March 31, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp<\/a><\/span>[\/footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_123\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Getting internal buy-in.<\/strong> Because going overseas to do business is a larger undertaking than many businesses realize, make sure that senior management and the people who are responsible for implementing and supporting the overseas effort know what the goals are and what is expected of them with respect to oversight and management. Knowing how much senior management time should be and could be allocated is an important part of getting internal buy-in. Look for support from people in all functions of the business.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Making sure that the full costs of overseas hiring are understood.<\/strong> If people from overseas will be hired, employment regulations and practices are very different. For example, outside the United States, employment benefits often represent a larger percentage of an employee\u2019s salary than in the United States; in the European Union, for example, a full-blown employment contract is needed, not just an offer letter. This tilts the balance of power to the employee at the expense of the company, making termination very difficult. Understanding the full ramifications of hiring people outside the United States has significant implications for a company\u2019s financial success.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Thinking about how the business will manage overseas employees\u2019 expectations.<\/strong> Different time zones and countries wreak havoc with keeping employees on the same page. Employees hired locally may have very different ideas about what is considered acceptable than a US employee does. Unless expectations and responsibilities are clearly conveyed at the beginning, problems will undoubtedly arise. They may anyway, but perhaps they will not be as serious.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s02\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Market Selection<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">A business must select the best market(s) to enter. The three largest markets for US products are Canada, Japan, and Mexico, but these countries may not be the largest or best markets for a particular product.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_124\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_124\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a><\/span>[\/footnote] If a business is not sure where the best place for doing global business is, one good approach is to find out where domestic competitors have been expanding internationally. Although moving into the same market(s) may make good sense, a good strategy might also be to go somewhere else. Three key US government databases that can identify the countries that represent significant export potential for a product are as follows:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_125\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s02_l01\" class=\"orderedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>The SBA\u2019s Automated Trade Locator Assistance System<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Foreign Trade Report FT925<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The US Department of Commerce\u2019s National Trade Data Bank<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">After identifying the country or countries that may offer the best market potential for a product, serious market research should be conducted. A business should look at all the following factors: demographic, geographic, political, economic, social, cultural, market access, distribution, production, and the existence or absence of [pb_glossary id=\"1192\"]<strong>tariffs<\/strong> [\/pb_glossary] and nontariff trade barriers. Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods so that the price of imported goods increases to the level of domestic goods. Tariffs can be particularly critical in selecting a particular country because the tariff may make it impossible for a US small business to profitably sell its products in a particular country.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s02_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">[pb_glossary id=\"1218\"]<strong>Nontariff trade barriers<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] are laws or regulations enacted by a country to protect its domestic industries against foreign competition.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_126\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> These barriers include such things as import licensing requirements; fees; government procurement policies; border taxes; and packaging, labeling, and marking standards.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_127\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 40.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s03\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Market Entry Strategies<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">A small business must decide how it wants to enter the selected foreign market(s). Several choices might look attractive for a business (see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s03_f01\">Figure 18.4 \"Examples of Export Market Entry Strategies\"<\/a>). Direct and indirect exporting, strategic alliances, joint ventures, and direct foreign investment are discussed in this section. The benefits and risks associated with each strategy depend on many factors. Among them are the type of product or service being produced; the need for product or service support; and the foreign economic, political, business, and cultural environment to be penetrated. A firm\u2019s level of resources and commitment and the degree of risk it is willing to incur will help determine the strategy that the business thinks will work best.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_128\">[footnote]\u201cExporting Basics,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">SmallBusiness.com<\/em>, February 6, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Exporting_basics\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Exporting_basics<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"figure large editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s03_f01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 18.4<\/span> Examples of Export Market Entry Strategies<\/h3>\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2018\/12\/226506a3ef33daf54d894634c2802286.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s03_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"1219\"]<em><strong>Joint venture (JV)<\/strong><\/em>[\/pb_glossary] is a partnership with a foreign firm formed to achieve a specific goal or operate for a specific period of time. A legal entity is created, with the partners agreeing to share in the management of the JV, and each partner holds an equity position. Each company retains its separate identity. Among the benefits are immediate market knowledge and access, reduced risk, and control over product attributes. On the negative side, JV agreements across national borders can be extremely complex, which requires a very high level of commitment by all parties.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_129\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 329[\/footnote][footnote]William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, and Jack R. Kapoor, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business<\/em> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 93[\/footnote][footnote]\u201cJoint Ventures and Strategic Alliances,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Fukuda Law Firm<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012.[\/footnote]<\/span> Because some countries have restrictions on the foreign ownership of corporations, a JV may be the only way a small business can purchase facilities in another country.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_130\">[footnote]John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 47.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"1184\"]<em><strong>Strategic alliance<\/strong><\/em>[\/pb_glossary] is very similar to a JV in that it is a partnership formed to create competitive advantage on a worldwide basis.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_131\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_131\">William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, and Jack R. Kapoor, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business<\/em> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 93.<\/span>[\/footnote] An agreement is signed between two corporations, but a separate business entity is not created.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_132\">[footnote]\u201cJoint Ventures and Strategic Alliances,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Fukuda Law Firm<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012.[\/footnote]<\/span> The business relationship is based on cooperation out of mutual need, and there is shared risk in achieving a common objective. Growing at a rate of about 20 percent per year, strategic alliances are created for many reasons (e.g., opportunities for rapid expansion into new markets, reduced marketing costs, and strategic competitive moves).<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_133\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 327.[\/footnote]<\/span> \u201cSmall businesses excel at forming strategic partnerships and alliances which make them look bigger than they are and offer their customers a global reach.[footnote]\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_134\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cGlobal Guru: Shaking Things Up. Making Things Happen,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Change This<\/em>, October 19, 2004, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/changethis.com\/manifesto\/6.03.GlobalGuru\/pdf\/6.03.GlobalGuru.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">changethis.com\/manifesto\/6.03.GlobalGuru\/pdf\/6.03.GlobalGuru.pdf<\/a><\/span>[\/footnote]<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1220\"]Direct foreign investment[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><\/em> is exactly what it sounds like: investment in a foreign country. If a business is interested in manufacturing locally to take advantage of low-cost labor, gain access to raw materials, reduce the high costs of transportation to market, or gain market entry, direct foreign investment is something to be considered. However, the complicated mix of considerations and risks\u2014for example, the growing complexity and contingencies of contracts and degree of product differentiation\u2014makes decisions about foreign investments increasingly difficult.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_135\">[footnote]Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 332.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s04\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Getting Paid<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Being paid in full and on time is of obvious importance to a business, so the level of risk that it is willing to assume in extending credit to customers is a major consideration.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_136\"><\/span>[footnote]<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_136\">US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 177.<\/span>[\/footnote] The credit of a buyer will always be a concern, but potentially more worrisome is the lessened recourse a business will have when it comes to collecting unpaid international debts. Extra caution must be exercised. Both the business owner and the buyer must agree on the terms of the sale in advance.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_137\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s04_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">The primary methods of payment for international transactions are payment in advance (the most secure), letters of credit, documentary collection (drafts), consignment, and open account (the least secure), which are described as follows:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_138\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote][footnote]US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 178\u201380, 182\u201383.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s04_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Cash in advance.<\/strong> This is the ideal method of payment because a company is relieved of collection problems and has immediate use of the money. Unfortunately, it tends to be an option only when the manufacturing process is specialized, lengthy, or capital intensive and requires partial or progress payments. Wire transfers are commonly used, and many exporters accept credit cards.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Documentary letter of credit.<\/strong> This is an internationally recognized instrument issued by a bank on behalf of its client, the purchaser. A letter of credit represents the bank\u2019s guarantee to pay the seller, provided that the conditions specified in the letter are fulfilled.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Documentary collection or draft.<\/strong> This involves the use of a draft, drawn by the seller on the buyer. It requires the buyer to pay the face amount either on sight (sight draft) or on a specified date in the future (time draft). The draft is an unconditional order to make payment in accordance with its terms, which specify the documents needed before title to the goods will be passed. All terms of payment should be clearly specified so that confusion and delay are avoided.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Open account.<\/strong> With an open account, the exporter bills the customer, who is then expected to pay under agreed-on terms at a future date after the goods are manufactured and delivered (usually with fifteen, thirty, or sixty days). This payment method works well if the buyer is well established, has a long and favorable payment record, or has been thoroughly checked for being creditworthy. This approach is considered risky in international business because a business has limited recourse if debts are unpaid. Small businesses considering this option must examine the political, economic, and commercial risks very thoroughly.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Consignment sales.<\/strong> Goods are shipped to a foreign distributor, which sells them on behalf of the exporter. Title to the goods remains with the exporter until they are sold, at which point payment is sent to the exporter. The exporter has the greatest risk and least control over the goods with this method, and payment may take a while. Risk insurance should be seriously considered with consignment sales.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s04_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">When buyers default on their payments, it can be time-consuming, difficult, and expensive to obtain payments. A business should contact the buyer and try to negotiate payment. If negotiation fails and the amount of the debt is large enough to make a difference in that business, obtain the assistance and advice of the business\u2019s bank, legal counsel, and the <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/trade.gov\/cs\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">US Commercial Service<\/a>, an organization that can resolve payment problems informally. If arbitration becomes necessary, the <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.iccwbo.org\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Chamber of Commerce<\/a> is the place to go. It handles most international arbitrations and is usually acceptable to foreign companies because it is not affiliated with any single country.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_139\">[footnote]US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 184.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Business Etiquette and Travel<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Having a successful global business requires getting to know the history, the culture, and the customs of the country or countries in which a business hopes to expand. Each country is different from another and the United States in some ways. Some of these differences have been discussed earlier in this chapter. Among the cultural differences to be faced are business styles, attitudes toward business relationships and punctuality, negotiating styles, gift-giving customers, greetings, the significance of gestures, the meanings of colors and numbers, and customs regarding titles. For example, engaging in small talk before conducting business is standard practice in Saudi Arabia, and gift giving is an important part of doing business in Japan.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_140\">[footnote]US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 211.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Before traveling to the chosen country or countries, knowing any and all cultural differences is critical. It is also important to educate stateside employees who will be working with international customers.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Being successful in global operations will depend on the relationships that are built. The best way to build them is by traveling to the selected country. Travel there\u2026but do so with the cultural knowledge and understanding that will allow the conduct of business without inadvertently offending a potential customer.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05_n01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.11\u00a0Meet Your Customers: Traveling There<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05_p04\" class=\"para\">Building relationships for success in exporting businesses.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05_p05\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/travelingthere.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/travelingthere.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">The Export Plan<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">After deciding to sell products or services abroad, a carefully researched export plan is a source of direction. An export plan helps a business act on\u2014rather than react to\u2014the challenges and risks encountered in global business. The plan will also help a business obtain financial assistance and find investors, strategic partners, and JV partners that may be needed for success.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_141\">[footnote]\u201c10 Steps to Successful Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">About.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">There are many elements of an export plan, including a description of the company; its market and industry; its objectives; information on its products or services; an analysis of the target market and industry, including trends and forecasts; an examination of competitors and their strengths and weaknesses; international marketing strategies, including customer profiling and the development of sales and distribution channels; employment and training issues; after-sales and customer service, and financial requirements and forecasts.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_142\">[footnote]\u201c10 Steps to Successful Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">About.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> \u201cMany companies launch their export activities haphazardly and are unsuccessful in their early efforts because of poor or no planning, which often leads them to abandon exporting altogether.\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_143\">[footnote]US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 18.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_n01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.12\u00a0Providing Good Customer Service<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p03\" class=\"para\">Small business owners talk about what they have learned by serving international customers.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p04\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/customerservice.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/customerservice.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">A business\u2019s first export plan should be simple, only a few pages because important market data and planning elements may not be easily available or completely unavailable. The plan should be written and seen as a flexible management document, not a static document that sits on a shelf somewhere gathering dust. Objectives need to be compared against actual results, just as a business would do with its marketing plan and its overall business plan. A business should be open to revising the plan as necessary as new information becomes available and experience is gained.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_144\">[footnote]US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 18.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_n02\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.13\u00a0Creating an Export Business Plan<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p06\" class=\"para\">Small business owners agree that developing a strategic plan is the first step toward exporting success.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p07\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/businessplan.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/businessplan.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"key_takeaways editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_n03\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Before taking a business global, desire to pursue export markets for good rather than frivolous reasons.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Management commitment must be present for successful global operations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A business must decide on some kind of structure to handle its global side. It should be dedicated to ensuring that export sales are adequately serviced.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Getting internal buy-in is critical.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A business will need to select the best market(s) to enter. Although Canada, Japan, and Mexico are the largest markets for US products, these countries may not be the best markets for specific products or services.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tariffs and nontariff trade barriers can pose serious constraints.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A business must decide how to enter a foreign market. For example, it can choose direct and indirect exporting, strategic alliances, JVs, and direct foreign investment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Being paid in full and on time is of obvious importance, especially considering the difficulties a business will encounter in collecting an unpaid international debt. The most secure method of payment is cash in advance. The least secure is an open account.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Learning and understanding the business etiquette of the country or countries to which a business is exporting is a very important part of building business relationships.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A carefully researched export plan is a source of direction, and it will help a business act on\u2014rather than react to\u2014the challenges and risks it will encounter in global business.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to the Coca-Cola website (<a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.coca-cola.com\/en\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.coca-cola.com\/en\/index.html<\/a>) and select one website from each of the following geographic areas: Latin America, Europe, Eurasia, Africa, and Asia Pacific. Compare the home pages of these sites to the US home page\u2014even though you will not understand the language (unless you are bilingual). Look at the graphics, layout, and uses of color. What are the similarities? What are the differences? To what would you attribute the differences? How would these similarities and differences inform the design of a small business website for conducting global business?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04\" xml:lang=\"en\">\r\n<h1 class=\"title editable block\">The Three Threads<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"learning_objectives editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_n01\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Understand how to contribute to customer value in exporting activities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how exporting can impact cash flow.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how technology and the e-environment impact exporting.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s01\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Customer Value Implications<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Always remember that customers make the decision about whether the appropriate value is present, and that value will always be as they perceive it. Carefully adapting a product to the targeted country for an exporting venture is an important first step in providing customer value. This means knowing about the sources of value in a product or a service and then acting on them. It can mean a minor product adaptation\u2014for example, serving beer in McDonald\u2019s in Germany or wine in McDonald\u2019s in France and Italy\u2014or a new twist on distribution\u2014for example, Procter &amp; Gamble selling shampoo in single-use tubes in newsstands in India. Although these are large-company examples, the experiences can be easily translated into small business exporting practice.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Another important source of customer value is the company website. Whether the website is the only selling platform of a business or is part of a brick-and-click exporting business, foreign buyers are much more likely to buy if a business\u2019s website is in their language. Although translation and country-specific sites can be a costly proposition, the text, graphics, and colors of the website can either enhance or detract from an exporting business. A small business owner should find out what organizational services and website designers can provide assistance. It may be possible to link the website to the <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.translate.google.com\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Google translation tool<\/a> to get a rough translation in seconds.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_145\">[footnote]Anita Campbell, \u201cHow to Make Your Website Ready for International Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, October 29, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Once a sale is made, do not make the mistake of thinking that it is the end of the relationship between the business and an overseas customer. Providing after-sale service must be an integral part of a company\u2019s export strategy from the very beginning.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_146\">[footnote]US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 219.[\/footnote]<\/span> This service should include regular thank-yous for their business; a plan for regular communication; and offering customers 24\/7 availability via some combination of fax, Twitter, e-mail alerts, a wiki, a Skype account, and telephone voicemail services where messages can be retrieved around the clock. This level of access will be of great value to foreign customers because it lets them know that you are reliable, dependable, ready to serve, and willing to minimize risk. It is this proper care and feeding of customers that will keep them coming back because the business provides value that makes it worth their while.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_147\">[footnote]Laurel Delaney, \u201cBuilding Global Bonds One Customer at a Time,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, June 27, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2008\/06\/global-customer-bonds.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2008\/06\/global-customer-bonds.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s01_p04\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">There is something else to consider as well. Research has shown that global online shoppers demand live customer service, with this service being more important than price.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_148\">[footnote]\u201cWebinar: Online Retail and the ROI of Live Help\u2014Why Global Online Shoppers Demand Live Customer Service,\u201d accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.retailcustomerexperience.com\/whitepapers\/2508\/Webinar-Online-Retail-and-the-ROI-of-Live-Help-Why-Global-Online-Shoppers-Demand-Live-Customer-Service\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.retailcustomerexperience.com\/whitepapers\/2508\/Webinar-Online-Retail-and -the-ROI-of-Live-Help-Why-Global-Online-Shoppers-Demand-Live-Customer-Service<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> This has implications not only for how customer service is designed for the targeted country for exports but for buyers from other countries as well.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s02\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Cash-Flow Implications<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">A small business exporter will face the same cash-flow challenges that affect any small business, but being an exporter presents additional cash-flow challenges that are unique to selling products overseas. One of these challenges comes from the value-added tax (VAT) in Europe. Having the proper VAT registration can be key because all non\u2013European Union businesses must collect and remit the VAT on applicable transactions. A business is required to charge the VAT, and compliance requires periodic VAT filings, which means keeping VAT records on file and available for inspection by local tax authorities and anyone else who has reason and authority to inspect them. A failure to comply can result in significant penalties and cash-flow problems.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_149\">[footnote]Denise O\u2019Berry, \u201cIs Now the Time to Expand to Global Markets?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">AllBusiness.com<\/em>, April 14, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-managements\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-managements\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-managements\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Shipping costs pose another threat to cash flow. Shipping products overseas is very expensive, with the fees sometimes being as high as the cost of shipping the merchandise itself. Add to that the differences in currencies and taxes, and a business is faced with the possibility of having to pay all or most of the shipping costs up front. While waiting for customers to pay, paying these costs will have a negative impact on cash flow.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_150\">[footnote]Anita Campbell, \u201cHow to Make Your Website Ready for International Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, October 29, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> Fortunately, there are cost-cutting approaches available. For example, Michael Katz, a small business owner who ships portfolio and art cases overseas, was able to reduce the extra expenses by negotiating a discount with UPS, cutting his shipping costs to 50 percent of the list rate.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_151\">[footnote]Elise Craig, \u201cHow to Get Your Small Business into the Export Game,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">CBS Money Watch<\/em>, March 3, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/8301-505143_162-46540438\/how-to-get-your-small-business-into-the-export-game\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.cbsnews.com\/8301-505143_162-46540438\/how-to-get-your-small-business-into-the-export-game<\/a>[\/footnote]<a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/8301-505143_162-46540438\/how-to-get-your-small-business-into-the-export-game\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Implications of Technology and the E-Environment<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Inexpensive technology and the Internet have made it possible for small businesses to operate internationally with some of the same efficiencies as larger companies.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_152\">[footnote]Anita Campbell, \u201cPreparing Your Business to Go Global,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, November 19, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/11\/preparing-your-business-to-go-global.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/11\/preparing-your-business-to-go-global.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span> The global reach of the Internet makes it cost-effective for small businesses to sell products and services overseas. Small businesses can broaden their presence internationally by adopting e-commerce and e-business practices that are user-friendly for non-English-speaking countries.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_153\">[footnote]US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 219.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">The small business owner can also look to several other sources of assistance for global endeavors. Consider the following three examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_l01\" class=\"orderedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>The self-service advertising product developed by Facebook gives small businesses an opportunity to reach a global audience.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_154\">[footnote]\u201cSmall Business News: The Global View,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, January 18, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2011\/01\/small-business-news-the-global-view.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2011\/01\/small-business-news-the -global-view.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Shipping management software packages will automatically figure the costs and the delivery times for overseas orders, giving a close estimate. They also convert the currency for the buyer. Integrating this software into the website of a small business will provide a seamless experience for the customer, making an important contribution to customer value.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_155\">[footnote]Anita Campbell, \u201cHow to Make Your Website Ready for International Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, October 29, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Internet and mobile devices lower information and communication costs, providing new channels of distribution and permitting 24\/7 global reach through Twitter, wikis, e-mail alerts, and <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.skype.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Skype<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"key_takeaways editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_n01\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>A small business can offer customer value in its global activities by carefully adapting its products to the targeted country, having a website that caters to the language and culture of the buyers, and providing excellent after-sale service.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The small business faces potential cash-flow problems from the VAT and shipping costs.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Inexpensive technology and the Internet have made it possible for small businesses to operate internationally with some of the same efficiencies as larger companies.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"exercises editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_n02\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_l03\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>How can mobile devices be used to help the exporting operations of a small business?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does the advertising product developed by Facebook work? How can it help increase the global reach of a small business? What are the costs for a small business?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Disaster Watch<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p03\" class=\"para\">Michael has been very successful with his exporting business. Instead of choosing Canada, Japan, or Mexico, the top three countries for small business exporting, he decided on Babalacala, a small country in the Middle East that has a history of political stability even though it has been ruled by one man for more than thirty-five years. The risk has been worth it so far. Michael identified the demand for his product, and he was right on target with his marketing research.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p04\" class=\"para\">Michael has a small manufacturing plant that employs 150 locals and 5 people from the United States. He has successfully adapted his product to the local cultural, legal, and economic environments. His prices and promotion strategy are good fits, and his distribution structure\u2014with some minor tweaking\u2014is proving to be very efficient and effective. Needless to say, Michael and his investors are very happy campers.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p05\" class=\"para\">But not for much longer.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p06\" class=\"para\">Michael awakened one morning to a large-scale revolt against the current governor of Babalacala. The streets of the capital city were filled with protestors. Things were peaceful at first, but violence erupted in the afternoon. Many of Michael\u2019s local workers left the factory to protest or because they were afraid. Telecommunications were out, transportation was spotty, and there was only intermittent power. Most of the local stores closed. The word on the street was that the protestors were in for the long haul. They planned to keep protesting until the current governor resigned or left the country.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p07\" class=\"para\">What should Michael do? He has a lot of money, time, and passion invested in his exporting business, and there are investors to think about. He does not want to leave Babalacala, but this is a serious situation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"navbar-top\" class=\"navbar\">\n<div class=\"navbar-part right\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"book-content\">\n<div class=\"chapter\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_n01\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_fx01\">\n<figure style=\"width: 576px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2018\/12\/288031b7ee1c7dbe1c3e546d0f2d864d.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"576\" height=\"242\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 18.1 Center Rock Inc. Reprinted with permission from Center Rock, Inc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_p01\" class=\"para\">Brandon Fisher, the founder of Center Rock Inc., is shown on the left side in the picture. The man to his right is Richard Soppe, the senior drilling application engineer. The number 33 is the number of Chilean miners who were rescued in 2010. Brandon and his company, now at seventy-five employees, are true American heroes.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_p02\" class=\"para no-indent\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.centerrock.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Center Rock<\/a> manufactures and distributes a complete line of air drilling tools and products. At its state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Pennsylvania, they build stock and made-to-order products that are used by leading drilling, oil and gas, foundation, construction, roadway, and mining contractors across North America, Europe, Asia, Russia, and Australia. Fisher entered the global market four years ago as a way to expand the business. He was able to finance the expansion internally, so financing was not an issue.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_p03\" class=\"para no-indent\">Center Rock Inc., founded in 1998 by then twenty-six-year-old Brandon Fisher, began as a drilling company. He designed and built his own horizontal drilling rig and, shortly thereafter, began focusing on making Center Rock an air and rock drilling supplier and manufacturer. He recognized the need for a manufacturing company that was reactive to customer needs, with innovative products and 24\/7 customer service and support. Working with his high-tech engineering and design team, Fisher created a company different from its competitors with its unique products and service capabilities.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_p04\" class=\"para no-indent\">\u201cI love what I do,\u201d says Fisher. \u201cThere is always a challenge in this industry to find new ways to drill into the earth, and the challenge feeds the excitement.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cAbout Us,\u201d Center Rock Inc., accessed February 7, 2012, www.centerrock.com\/content\/about-us; e-mail correspondence with Brandon Fisher, July 28, 2011.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-1\" href=\"#footnote-171-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n<h1 class=\"title editable block\">US Small Business in the Global Environment<\/h1>\n<div class=\"learning_objectives editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_n01\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>Understand and appreciate the role of small businesses in the global environment.<\/li>\n<li>Learn about the global growth opportunities for small businesses.<\/li>\n<li>Understand the advantages and the disadvantages of a small business going global.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Although small businesses make up a disproportionately large share of the number of companies that export and import, this represents only about 1 percent of the total number of small businesses. Thus many small businesses have yet to compete globally. The opportunities are there. \u201cSo much of what America makes is in great demand,\u201d said US Commerce Secretary Gary Locke in an interview, adding further that the growth potential for small companies is outside the United States. Dale Hayes, vice president of US marketing for UPS concurs, observing that the demand for high-quality American products is huge.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_002\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Paul Davidson, \u201cSmall Businesses Look Across Borders to Add Markets,\u201d USA Today, April 12, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.usatoday.com\/money\/economy\/2011-04-06-small-businesses-go-international.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-171-2\" href=\"#footnote-171-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Rieva Lesonsky, \u201cIncreased Opportunities for Small-Business Exports,\u201d Small Business Trends, June 27, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/06\/opportunities-small-business -exports.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-3\" href=\"#footnote-171-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0It may be that a small business is already competing globally because foreign-owned companies are competing in our own backyards.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_003\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d US Small Business Administration, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-4\" href=\"#footnote-171-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Yet the global marketplace is not relevant to most small businesses. Given that 99 percent of the small businesses in the United States are not operating globally\u2014preferring to grow (if they want to) locally, regionally, and perhaps nationally\u2014it is reasonable to conclude that going global will interest only a few. Those few, however, must undertake careful analyses before jumping into the global arena.<\/p>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">The Small Business Global Presence<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">It may seem to many that the global market is the domain of the large corporations, but the statistics tell a very different story. Small businesses actually account for close to 97.6 percent of US exporters and 32.8 percent of the value of US exports as well as 97.1 percent of all identified importers and 31.9 percent of the known import value.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_004\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cProfile of U.S. Importing and Exporting Companies, 2008\u20132009 Highlights,\u201d US Census Bureau, April 12, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.census.gov\/foreign-trade\/Press-Release\/edb\/2009\/2009Highlights.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-5\" href=\"#footnote-171-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Consider the following additional facts:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_005\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cProfile of U.S. Importing and Exporting Companies, 2008\u20132009 Highlights,\u201d US Census Bureau, April 12, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.census.gov\/foreign-trade\/Press-Release\/edb\/2009\/2009Highlights.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-6\" href=\"#footnote-171-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>Small businesses account for 96.4 percent of all manufacturing exporters, which is 17.2 percent of the sector\u2019s $562 billion in exports.<\/li>\n<li>Nearly 100 percent (99.2 percent) of exporting wholesalers were small businesses, which is 61.1 percent of the sector\u2019s $218 billion in exports.<\/li>\n<li>Of other companies with exports, 96.9 percent were small businesses. These companies include manufacturing companies of prepackaged software and books, freight forwarders and other transportation service firms, business services, engineering and management services, gas and oil extraction companies, coal mining companies, and communication services, to name a few.<\/li>\n<li>Small businesses account for 93.6 percent of all manufacturing importers, which is 12.9 percent of the sector\u2019s $602 billion in imports.<\/li>\n<li>Nearly 100 percent (99.2 percent) of wholesaler importers were small businesses, contributing 56.8 percent of the sector\u2019s $451 billion in imports.<\/li>\n<li>Small businesses accounted for 94.3 percent of the companies that both exported and imported, accounting for 29 percent of the export value and 27 percent of the import value.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">This tells us that small businesses are very active in the global marketplace, and small business success in international markets is extremely important to the welfare of the United States.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_006\">\u201c<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Breaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d US Small Business Administration, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-7\" href=\"#footnote-171-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Although it is true that small businesses are major users of imported goods, the focus of this chapter is on small business exporting because exporting can be an effective way to diversify the customer base, manage market fluctuations, grow, and become more competitive.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_007\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Department of Commerce, A Basic Guide to Exporting, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), i.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-8\" href=\"#footnote-171-8\" aria-label=\"Footnote 8\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Small businesses are limited in the products and the services that they export. Small business exports are concentrated in four main product categories: computers and electronic products, chemicals, machinery, and transportation equipment. However, the leading product categories in terms of market share were wood products, apparel and accessories, tobacco products, beverages, and leather products.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_008\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d US International Trade Commission, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-9\" href=\"#footnote-171-9\" aria-label=\"Footnote 9\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01_p04\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Although the United States is one of the world\u2019s largest participants in global services trade, very little information exists with respect to services exports by small businesses. What is known is that it is increasingly common for most US services firms to establish a <em><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1206\">foreign affiliate<\/a><\/strong><\/em>\u00a0\u2014a branch or a subsidiary of the parent company established outside the national boundaries of the parent company\u2019s home market\u2014because most services are better supplied in close proximity to the principal or final customers.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_009\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d US International Trade Commission, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-10\" href=\"#footnote-171-10\" aria-label=\"Footnote 10\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Additionally, in some business sectors, foreign regulations may restrict the delivery of some services to affiliates only. For example, to comply with domestic solvency requirements, some countries require that personal lines of insurance be carried out only by affiliates. Another example is the protection of intellectual property rights. This is often accomplished through the services of affiliates, thus intellectual property is kept in-house.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_010\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d US International Trade Commission, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-11\" href=\"#footnote-171-11\" aria-label=\"Footnote 11\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s01_p05\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">What is particularly interesting is that most of the service exporting occurs in businesses with 0\u201319 employees, with the least service exporting done by small businesses with 300\u2013499 employees. This may be the exact opposite of what you would expect.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">The Advantages of Going Global<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The flexibility of a smaller company may make it possible to meet the demands of global markets and redefine a company\u2019s programs more quickly than might occur in the larger <em><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1207\">multinational corporation<\/a>.<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_011\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 312.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-12\" href=\"#footnote-171-12\" aria-label=\"Footnote 12\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> A multinational corporation is a company that operates on a worldwide scale without ties to any specific nation or region; it is organized under the laws of its own country.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_012\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, and Jack R. Kapoor, Business (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 94.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-13\" href=\"#footnote-171-13\" aria-label=\"Footnote 13\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> This flexibility of the smaller company is particularly true of the <em><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1209\">micromultinationals<\/a><\/strong><\/em>, a relatively new category of tiny companies that operate globally, having a presence and people in multiple countries. <span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_013\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Anita Campbell, \u201cThe Trend of the Micro-Multinationals,\u201d Small Business Trends, February 20, 2007, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2007\/02\/the-trend-of-the-micro-multinationals.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-14\" href=\"#footnote-171-14\" aria-label=\"Footnote 14\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Bernard Lunn, \u201cIntroducing the Tales of Micro-Nationals,\u201d Small Business Trends, July 7, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/introducing-the-tales-of-micro-multinationals.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-15\" href=\"#footnote-171-15\" aria-label=\"Footnote 15\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">These micromultinationals outsource virtually everything to specialists all over the world and sell to people all over the world through the Internet.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_014\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Bernard Lunn, \u201cIntroducing the Tales of Micro-Nationals,\u201d Small Business Trends, July 7, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/introducing -the-tales-of-micro-multinationals.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-16\" href=\"#footnote-171-16\" aria-label=\"Footnote 16\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> The Internet is inexpensive technology, and the services designed to help small businesses make it possible for the small company to operate across borders with the same effectiveness and efficiencies as large businesses.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_015\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Anita Campbell, \u201cPreparing Your Business to Go Global,\u201d Small Business Trends, November 19, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/11\/preparing-your-business-to-go-global.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-17\" href=\"#footnote-171-17\" aria-label=\"Footnote 17\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"callout editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_n01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Micromultinationals<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p03\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/generationalliance.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Generation Alliance<\/a> is a branding and design firm that provides services to clients all over the world. They have core employees in Australia and specialist contractors in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Jamaica, Dubai, and Singapore. One of their more interesting projects was to rebrand the country of Botswana for the global market.<span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Bernard Lunn, \u201cTales of Micro-Multinationals: Generation Alliance,\u201d Small Business Trends, July 7, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/tales-of-micro-multinationals-generation-alliance.html[\/footnote]\nJadience sells a line of health and skincare products that has its roots in traditional oriental medicine. Their physical products are sent to customers, mostly spas, in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.[footnote]Bernard Lunn, \u201cTales of Micro-Multinationals: Jadience,\u201d Small Business Trends, July 15, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/tales -of-micro-multinationals-jadience.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-18\" href=\"#footnote-171-18\" aria-label=\"Footnote 18\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p05\" class=\"para no-indent\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worketc.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Worketc<\/a> operates in the large and competitive business software market. Their focus is small businesses, selling web-based customer relationship management (CRM), project management, billing, shared calendars, help desk, and document management software. The company is headquartered in Sydney, Australia, and it claims happy customers in sixteen countries. The United States accounts for 86 percent of its customers.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_018\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Bernard Lunn, \u201cTales of Micro-Multinationals: Worketc,\u201d Small Business Trends, July 21, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/micro -multinationals-worketc.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-19\" href=\"#footnote-171-19\" aria-label=\"Footnote 19\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cThe Why of What We\u2019re About,\u201d Worketc, accessed February 7, 2012, www.worketc.com\/about_us\" id=\"return-footnote-171-20\" href=\"#footnote-171-20\" aria-label=\"Footnote 20\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">There are many reasons why small businesses should consider going global:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_019\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cBenefits of Exporting,\u201d Export.gov, March 31, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, export.gov\/about\/eg_main_016807.asp\" id=\"return-footnote-171-21\" href=\"#footnote-171-21\" aria-label=\"Footnote 21\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/export.gov\/about\/eg_main_016807.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding -your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-22\" href=\"#footnote-171-22\" aria-label=\"Footnote 22\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Steve Strauss, \u201cGlobalization Is Good for (Small) Business,\u201d USA Today, May 17, 2004, accessed February 7, 2012, www.usatoday.com\/money\/smallbusiness\/columnist\/strauss\/2004-05-17-globalization_x.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-171-23\" href=\"#footnote-171-23\" aria-label=\"Footnote 23\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d US Small Business Administration, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-24\" href=\"#footnote-171-24\" aria-label=\"Footnote 24\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[24]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>A small business that thinks and sells only domestically may be reaching only a small share of its potential customers because 95 percent of the world\u2019s consumers live outside the United States.<\/li>\n<li>Exporting enables companies to diversify their portfolios and weather changes in the domestic economy. This stabilizes seasonal and cyclical market fluctuations.<\/li>\n<li>Exporting helps small businesses grow and become more competitive in all their markets, which reduces the dependence on existing markets.<\/li>\n<li>Exporting increases sales and profits, also extending the sales potential of existing products. Research has shown that exporting can expand total sales 0.6 percent to 1.3 percent faster than would otherwise be the case.<\/li>\n<li>Exporting companies are able to sell excess production capacity.<\/li>\n<li>Exporting companies are nearly 8.5 percent less likely to go out of business.<\/li>\n<li>There are higher worker earnings as well, which contributes to the betterment of the community.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">According to the US Small Business Administration (SBA),<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_020\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d US Small Business Administration, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-25\" href=\"#footnote-171-25\" aria-label=\"Footnote 25\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[25]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0US exporting businesses experience faster annual employment growth by 2 to 4 percentage points over their nonexporting counterparts. Workers employed in exporting companies have better paying jobs and better opportunities for advancement. Research has estimated that blue-collar worker earnings in firms that export are 13 percent higher than those in nonexporting plants, 23 percent higher when comparing large plants, and 9 percent higher when comparing small plants. White-collar employees also benefit from higher salaries, 18 percent more than their nonexporting counterparts. Less skilled workers also earn more at companies that export. Lastly, the benefits that all workers receive at exporting plants are 37 percent higher and include improved medical insurance and paid leave.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_n02\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.1\u00a0Why Export?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p08\" class=\"para\">Why small businesses should consider entering the global marketplace.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p09\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/whyexport.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/whyexport.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">The Disadvantages of Going Global<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">There is no question that the benefits of going global are considerable. However, disadvantages or barriers must also be considered. For example, a small business will incur additional costs, such as modifying its product or its packaging (perhaps even changing the name of its product so that it does not convey negative meanings outside the United States), developing new promotional materials, administrative costs (such as hiring staff to launch the export expansion and dedicating personnel for traveling), traveling to foreign locations (very important), and shipping.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_021\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-26\" href=\"#footnote-171-26\" aria-label=\"Footnote 26\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[26]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Strategic Name Development, Inc., \u201cGlobal Linguistic Analysis\u201d (2011), accessed February 7, 2012, www.namedevelopment.com\/global-linguistic-analysis.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-27\" href=\"#footnote-171-27\" aria-label=\"Footnote 27\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[27]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0It may also be necessary for the owner to subordinate short-term profits to long-term gains, wait longer for payments, apply for additional financing, and obtain special export licenses.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_022\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d US Small Business Administration, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-28\" href=\"#footnote-171-28\" aria-label=\"Footnote 28\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[28]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0There will be differences in consumer needs, wants, and usage patterns for products; differences in consumer response to the elements of the marketing mix and differences in the legal environment may conflict with those of the United States.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_023\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cGlobal Marketing,\u201d SmallBusiness.com, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Global_marketing\" id=\"return-footnote-171-29\" href=\"#footnote-171-29\" aria-label=\"Footnote 29\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[29]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Then, of course, there are cultural and language issues along with the all-too-familiar fear of the unknown.\u00a0<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_024\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Rieva Lesonsky, \u201cIncreased Opportunities for Small-Business Exports,\u201d Small Business Trends, June 27, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/06\/opportunities-small-business-exports.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-30\" href=\"#footnote-171-30\" aria-label=\"Footnote 30\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[30]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0A recent survey of exporting and nonexporting members of the National Small Business Association (NSBA) and the Small Business Exporters Association (SBEA) reported the following main barriers to small businesses selling their goods and\/or services to foreign customers:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_025\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201c2010 Small Business Exporting Survey,\u201d NSBA and SBEA, March 11, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, www.nsba.biz\/docs\/2010_small_business_exporting_survey _001.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-31\" href=\"#footnote-171-31\" aria-label=\"Footnote 31\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[31]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>I do not have goods and\/or services that are exportable: 49 percent.<\/li>\n<li>I do not know much about it and am not sure where to start: 38 percent.<\/li>\n<li>I would worry too much about getting paid: 29 percent.<\/li>\n<li>It is too costly: 27 percent.<\/li>\n<li>It would take too much time away from my regular, domestic sales: 17 percent.<\/li>\n<li>I cannot obtain financing to offer products or services to foreign customers: 7 percent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Three things were identified as the single largest challenge: worrying about getting paid (26 percent), feeling that exporting is confusing and difficult to do (24 percent), and having limited goods and\/or services that are exportable (18 percent).<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Richard Ginsburg in the SBA\u2019s Office of International Trade has commented that most US small businesses simply do not understand the value of taking their business global, further noting that \u201cthe number-one barrier to trade is the psychological acceptance that global business is necessary.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201dKevin Morris, \u201cSmall Business Owner Takes His Green Energy Business Global,\u201d AllBusiness.com, April 22, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.allbusiness.com\/small-green-energy-business\/15572754-1.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-32\" href=\"#footnote-171-32\" aria-label=\"Footnote 32\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[32]<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"footnote\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p04\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Small businesses also face some resource constraints that reduce their ability to export. For example, small businesses are more likely than larger firms to face scarcities of financial and human resources that limit their ability to take advantage of global opportunities. Limited personnel, the inability to meet quality standards, the lack of financial backing, and insufficient knowledge of foreign markets are important constraints affecting the ability of small businesses to export.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_027\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d US Small Business Administration, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-33\" href=\"#footnote-171-33\" aria-label=\"Footnote 33\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[33]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Fortunately, being proactive, innovative, and willing to take risks have helped small businesses overcome export impediments and improve export performance.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_028\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d US Small Business Administration, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-34\" href=\"#footnote-171-34\" aria-label=\"Footnote 34\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[34]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p05\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">The disadvantages of going global may warrant a go-slow approach, but they should not be viewed as knockout factors. If a business\u2019s financial situation is weak, the timing may not be right for becoming an exporter\u2026but perhaps exporting makes sense in the future. In any case, very careful thinking should precede the decision to export.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_n01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">2010 Winner of the Growth through Global Trade Award<\/h3>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_fx01\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2018\/12\/a5f27e12078b9bad4a8d050f499a15f9.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"copyright\">\n<p class=\"para\">Source: SteelMaster Buildings. Reprinted with permission.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p06\" class=\"para\">The UPS Growth through Global Trade Award recognizes businesses with fewer than five hundred employees that are excelling in international trade. The inaugural winner was <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steelmasterusa.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SteelMaster Buildings LLC<\/a>, in Virginia Beach, Virginia, a manufacturer, designer, and supplier. The UPS award was followed up by two other national awards and four regional awards related to SteelMaster\u2019s increases in global trade plus a mention in a September 2010 speech by the former US Secretary of Commerce, Gary Locke, at a trade conference. The company earned first place in the 2011 Export Video Contest cosponsored by the SBA and VISA.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"simpara\">Video Link 18.1 Starting an Import\/Export Business<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Import Export: how to start import export business (2022)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pU0lp0LbQOs?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"para\">How to start an Import\/Export business.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_p07\" class=\"para no-indent\">SteelMaster employs fifty people, excluding distributors. It exports to more than forty countries and has distributorship relationships in more than fifty international markets (e.g., South Korea, Romania, Mexico, Angola, Chile, Peru, Slovakia, South Sudan, and Australia). This distributor network has provided an important source of market differentiation. Since the company began exporting in 2006, in response to the very competitive and saturated US market, the company\u2019s revenue has quadrupled, and exporting now represents over 20 percent of its total revenue. In addition,<\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>The SteelMaster website is user-friendly and offers a bilingual choice for Spanish-speaking viewers. Live chat is also available. In addition, various parts of the website have been translated to other languages (i.e., Korean, French, Romanian, Portuguese, and Arabic) to serve the company\u2019s international customers in their own languages.<\/li>\n<li>SteelMaster buildings are environmentally friendly and can be recycled. Green buildings are offered that protect against nonuniform weathering and reduce energy loads on buildings due to a long-term, bright service that helps heat reflectivity.<\/li>\n<li>SteelMaster\u2019s Galvalume Plus coated steel has been approved by the ENERGY STAR program for both low-slope and high-slope applications.<\/li>\n<li>The SteelMaster product can be easily used in the wake of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, flooding, or hurricanes. The company has participated in humanitarian relief efforts, specifically in Haiti.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_029\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Shannon Coursey, \u201cHas Your Small Business Taken Big Steps to Grow Globally?,\u201d UPS Upside, January 10, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, blog.ups.com\/2011\/01\/10\/has-your-small-business-taken-big-steps-to-grow-globally\/\" id=\"return-footnote-171-35\" href=\"#footnote-171-35\" aria-label=\"Footnote 35\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[35]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cAnd the Winner for the Growth through Global Trade Award Goes To\u2026,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 24, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/and-winner-for-growth-through-global.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-36\" href=\"#footnote-171-36\" aria-label=\"Footnote 36\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[36]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"interview with Michelle Wickum, director of marketing, SteelMaster Buildings, January 5, 2012\" id=\"return-footnote-171-37\" href=\"#footnote-171-37\" aria-label=\"Footnote 37\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[37]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"SteelMaster company materials provided by Michelle Wickum, Director of Marketing, January 5, 2012.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-38\" href=\"#footnote-171-38\" aria-label=\"Footnote 38\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[38]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> The company stands ready to provide safe and reliable construction solutions to people in need around the world.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"key_takeaways editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_n02\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s03_l03\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>Small businesses make up a disproportionately large share of the number of companies that export and import. However, this is only about 1 percent of the total number of small businesses.<\/li>\n<li>The growth potential for small companies outside the United States is huge because of the demand for high-quality American products.<\/li>\n<li>Small businesses account for close to 98 percent of US exporters and 33 percent of the value of US exports.<\/li>\n<li>Small business success in international trade is extremely important to the welfare of the United States.<\/li>\n<li>There are many advantages and disadvantages of a small business going global. These must be analyzed very carefully before deciding to enter the global marketplace.<\/li>\n<li>A recent survey of small business owners revealed that the number one barrier to exporting was the feeling that their businesses did not have exportable goods and\/or services. The number one challenge was worrying about getting paid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.trade.gov\/mas\/ian\/statereports\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.trade.gov\/mas\/ian\/statereports<\/a>. Select your state and prepare a profile of small business exporting. Review additional sites as well, for example, websites sponsored by your state\u2019s commerce and\/or economic development departments. When looking at government sites, you may see the term <em class=\"emphasis\">small- and medium-sized businesses<\/em> or something similar. They are simply referring to businesses with fewer than five hundred employees. This is the small business group for your purposes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n<h1 class=\"title editable block\">What You Should Know Before Going Global<\/h1>\n<div class=\"learning_objectives editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_n01\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>Learn about the different ways that a business can export.<\/li>\n<li>Understand the importance of an industry analysis.<\/li>\n<li>Understand that it is important to carefully assess a business.<\/li>\n<li>Learn about the marketing decisions that must be made.<\/li>\n<li>Learn about the kinds of legal and political issues that will affect the exporting activities of a business.<\/li>\n<li>Understand why the currency exchange rate is important to determining price.<\/li>\n<li>Learn about the different sources of financing.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Although expanding into global markets offers many important benefits, not the least of which is increased profits, it will also introduce new complexities into the operations of a small business. There are several key decisions (see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_f01\">Figure 18.1 \"Factors Affecting the Decision to Go Global\"<\/a>) that will need to be made, including the following:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_030\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Adapted from David L. Kurtz, Contemporary Business (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 121.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-39\" href=\"#footnote-171-39\" aria-label=\"Footnote 39\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[39]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>Determine which foreign market(s) to enter.<\/li>\n<li>Analyze the expenditures required to enter a new market and determine the source(s) of financing.<\/li>\n<li>Determine the best way to organize the overseas operation in concert with the US organization.<\/li>\n<li>Determine the extent to which, if any, the marketing mix will need to be adapted to the needs of the foreign market(s).<\/li>\n<li>Figure out the best way for the business to get paid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">These decisions, and others, will be based on an assessment of the ways to export, an analysis of the industry and the business, marketing and cultural factors, legal and political conditions, currency exchange issues, and sources of financing.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_n02\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.2\u00a0A Family Business Goes Global<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_p03\" class=\"para\">A small business specializing in leather-care products gets a lesson in expanding beyond its old fashioned clientele.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_p04\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/video\/fsb\/2008\/09\/10\/fsb.pecard.makeover.fsb\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">money.cnn.com\/video\/fsb\/2008\/09\/10\/fsb.pecard.makeover.fsb<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"figure large editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_f01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 18.1<\/span> Factors Affecting the Decision to Go Global<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2018\/12\/faa04173d039a1676f8f7094cda4077d.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Ways to Export<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Small businesses can choose from two basic ways to export: directly or indirectly.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_031\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-40\" href=\"#footnote-171-40\" aria-label=\"Footnote 40\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[40]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0There are advantages and disadvantages of each that should be understood before making a choice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s01\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Direct Exporting<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">In <em><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1211\">direct exporting<\/a><\/strong><\/em>, a small business exports directly to a customer who is interested in buying a particular product. The small business owner makes all the arrangements for shipping and distributing the product overseas, is responsible for the marketing research, and collects payment. This approach gives the owner greater control over the entire transaction and entitles him or her to higher profits\u2014although these higher profits are accompanied by the need to invest significantly more resources and efforts (see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s01_t01\">Table 18.1 \"Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Exporting\"<\/a>). It also requires a significantly changed internal organizational structure, which entails more risk.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_032\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-41\" href=\"#footnote-171-41\" aria-label=\"Footnote 41\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[41]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cDirect Exporting: Advantages and Disadvantages to Direct Exporting,\u201d About.com, accessed February 7, 2012, importexport.about.com\/od\/DevelopingSalesAndDistribution\/a\/Direct-Exporting-Advantages-And -Disadvantages-To-Direct-Exporting.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-171-42\" href=\"#footnote-171-42\" aria-label=\"Footnote 42\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[42]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cThe Advantages of Direct Exporting,\u201d vcShipping.com, accessed February 7, 2012, www.vcshipping.com\/export\/the-advantages-of-direct-exporting.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-43\" href=\"#footnote-171-43\" aria-label=\"Footnote 43\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[43]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"table block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s01_t01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Table 18.1<\/span> Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Exporting<\/h3>\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<th style=\"height: 24px\">Advantages<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 24px\">Disadvantages<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">Potential profits are greater because intermediaries are eliminated.<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">It takes more time, energy, and money than an owner may be able to afford.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">The owner has a greater degree of control over all aspects of the transaction.<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">It requires more \u201cpeople power\u201d to cultivate a customer base.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px\">\n<td style=\"height: 48px\">The owner knows customers, and the customers know the owner. Customers feel more secure in doing business directly with the owner.<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 48px\">Servicing the business will demand more responsibility from every level in the organization. The owner is held accountable for whatever happens. There is no buffer zone.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px\">\n<td style=\"height: 48px\">Business trips are much more efficient and effective because an owner can meet directly with the customer responsible for selling the product.<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 48px\">The owner may not be able to respond to customer communications as quickly as a local agent can.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 72px\">\n<td style=\"height: 72px\">The owner knows whom to contact if something is not working. The owner gets slightly better protection for trademarks, patents, and copyrights.<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 72px\">The owner must handle all the logistics of the transaction. If it is a technological product, the owner must be prepared to respond to technical questions and provide on-site start-up training and ongoing support services.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 72px\">\n<td style=\"height: 72px\">The owner is presented as fully committed and engaged in the export process and develops a better understanding of the marketplace. As a business develops in the foreign market, the owner has greater flexibility to improve or redirect marketing efforts.<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 72px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"copyright\">\n<p class=\"para\">Source: <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cDirect Exporting: Advantages and Disadvantages to Direct Exporting,\u201d About.com, accessed February 7, 2012, http:\/\/importexport.about.com\/od\/DevelopingSalesAndDistribution\/a\/Direct-Exporting-Advantages-And-Disadvantages-To-Direct-Exporting.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-171-44\" href=\"#footnote-171-44\" aria-label=\"Footnote 44\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[44]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s02\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Indirect Exporting<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\"><em><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1212\">Indirect exporting<\/a><\/strong><\/em>\u00a0involves entering \u201cinto an agreement with an agent, distributor, or a traditional exporting house for the purpose of selling (or marketing and selling) the products in the target market.\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_033\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Team Canada Inc., \u201c10 Steps to Successful Exporting,\u201d About.com, accessed February 7, 2012, sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-171-45\" href=\"#footnote-171-45\" aria-label=\"Footnote 45\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[45]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Many small businesses choose this option, at least at the outset. It is the simplest approach, particularly when a business does not have the necessary human and financial resources to promote products in foreign markets in any other way (see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s02_t01\">Table 18.2 \"Advantages and Disadvantages of Indirect Exporting\"<\/a>).<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_034\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"CBS Investment, \u201cAdvantages and Disadvantages of Direct and Indirect Exports,\u201d CBS Investment, accessed February 7, 2012, www.cbsinvestment.com\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-direct-and-indirect-exports\/\" id=\"return-footnote-171-46\" href=\"#footnote-171-46\" aria-label=\"Footnote 46\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[46]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-47\" href=\"#footnote-171-47\" aria-label=\"Footnote 47\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[47]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0The easiest way to export indirectly is to sell to an intermediary in the United States because the business will normally not be responsible for collecting payment from the overseas customer or coordinating the shipping logistics.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_035\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, Start and Run a Profitable Exporting Business (Vancouver, BC: Self-Counsel Press, 1998): chapter 8.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-48\" href=\"#footnote-171-48\" aria-label=\"Footnote 48\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[48]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"table block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s01_s02_t01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Table 18.2<\/span> Advantages and Disadvantages of Indirect Exporting<\/h3>\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Advantages<\/th>\n<th>Disadvantages<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Does not require a lot of organizational effort or staff workers.<\/td>\n<td>Not all types of goods lend themselves to indirect exporting (e.g., technically complex goods and services).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>The producer of the goods is subject to only small dangers and risk (e.g., a short-term drop in the exchange rate).<\/td>\n<td>The profits of a business will be lower, and control over foreign sales is lost.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>It is an almost risk-free way to begin. It demands minimal involvement in the export process. It allows the owner to continue to concentrate on its domestic business.<\/td>\n<td>A business very rarely knows who its customers are, thus losing the opportunity to tailor its offerings to their evolving needs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>The business has limited liability for product marketing problems. There is always someone else at which to point the finger.<\/td>\n<td>When an owner visits, he or she is a step removed from the actual transaction and feels out of the loop.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>The owner learns on the fly about international marketing. Depending on the type of intermediary with which the owner is dealing, the owner does not have to be concerned with shipment and other logistics.<\/td>\n<td>The intermediary might be offering products similar to a particular business\u2019s products, including directly competitive products, to the same customers instead of providing exclusive representation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A business can field-test its products for export potential. In some instances, the local agent can field technical questions and provide necessary product support.<\/td>\n<td>The long-term outlook and goals for an export program can change rapidly, and if a business has put its product in someone else\u2019s hands, it is hard to redirect efforts accordingly.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"copyright\">\n<p class=\"para\">Source: <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"CBS Investment, \u201cAdvantages and Disadvantages of Direct and Indirect Exports,\u201d CBS Investment, accessed February 7, 2012, http:\/\/www.cbsinvestment.com\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-direct-and-indirect-exports\/\" id=\"return-footnote-171-49\" href=\"#footnote-171-49\" aria-label=\"Footnote 49\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[49]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, Start and Run a Profitable Exporting Business (Vancouver, BC: Self-Counsel Press, 1998), chapter 8.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-50\" href=\"#footnote-171-50\" aria-label=\"Footnote 50\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[50]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Industry Analysis<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Before jumping into the global pond, it is a good idea to identify where an industry currently is and then look at the trends and directions that are predicted over the next three years. This will be true whether a business is only on the ground, only online, or both brick and click.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">A business should try to determine how competitive an industry is in the global market.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_036\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-51\" href=\"#footnote-171-51\" aria-label=\"Footnote 51\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[51]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Try to get as good a picture of the market as possible because the better informed a business is, the better its chances of a successful global entry. Learn a product\u2019s potential in a given market, where the best prospects for success seem to be, and common business practices.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_037\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201c6 Steps to Begin Exporting,\u201d US Small Business Administration, accessed February 7, 2012, www.sba.gov\/content\/6-steps-begin-exporting\" id=\"return-footnote-171-52\" href=\"#footnote-171-52\" aria-label=\"Footnote 52\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[52]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">A small business owner may be reticent about conducting market research before going global, particularly if domestic research efforts have been limited or nonexistent. However, the global market is a very different animal compared to the domestic market. It is even more important to conduct thorough market research to help identify possible risks in advance so that the appropriate steps can be taken to avoid mistakes. This ultimately portrays the business as forward-thinking, trustworthy, and credible.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_038\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Tricia Phillips, \u201cBiz Bureau Gives Top Tips on Going Global with Your Business,\u201d Mirror, January 26, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.mirror.co.uk\/advice\/money\/2011\/01\/26\/biz-bureau-gives-top-tips-on-going-global-with-your-business-115875 -22875517\" id=\"return-footnote-171-53\" href=\"#footnote-171-53\" aria-label=\"Footnote 53\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[53]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>Several resources should be consulted. However, the best guide to exporting for the small business comes from the US government.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_039\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cA Small Business Guide to Exporting: Part 1\u2014Getting Started,\u201d AllBusiness.com, accessed February 7, 2012, www.allbusiness.com\/economy-economic-indicators\/money-currencies\/11790828-1.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-54\" href=\"#footnote-171-54\" aria-label=\"Footnote 54\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[54]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>The <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SBA<\/a> is a great place to start to find information to help a business break into the global game. The information on exporting and importing is comprehensive and easily understood.<\/li>\n<li>The US government portal <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.export.gov\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Export.gov<\/a> provides online trade resources and one-on-one assistance for global businesses. Export.gov provides particularly helpful information on regulations, licenses, and trade data and analysis. Trade data can help a business identify the best countries to target for exports. A business can gauge the size of the market for a product or a service and develop a pricing strategy to become competitive.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_040\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cTrade Data and Analysis,\u201d Export.gov, March 3, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, export.gov\/tradedata\/index.asp\" id=\"return-footnote-171-55\" href=\"#footnote-171-55\" aria-label=\"Footnote 55\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[55]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>The <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">US International Trade Commission<\/a> offers market information, trade leads, and overseas business contacts. Trade professionals are available to help a business every step of the way with information counseling that can reduce costs, risks, and the mystery of exporting.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_041\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cSession 11: Global Expansion,\u201d My Own Business, accessed February 7, 2012, www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-56\" href=\"#footnote-171-56\" aria-label=\"Footnote 56\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[56]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>The <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.commerce.gov\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">US Department of Commerce<\/a> provides trade opportunities for US business, export-related assistance, and market information.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_042\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cSession 11: Global Expansion,\u201d My Own Business, accessed February 7, 2012, www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-57\" href=\"#footnote-171-57\" aria-label=\"Footnote 57\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[57]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Information about protecting intellectual property abroad can be found at <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.stopfakes.gov\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.stopfakes.gov<\/a>. This is important because counterfeiting and piracy cost the world economy approximately $650 billion per year.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_043\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cSession 11: Global Expansion,\u201d My Own Business, accessed February 7, 2012, www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-58\" href=\"#footnote-171-58\" aria-label=\"Footnote 58\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[58]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Other sources to be consulted include people in the same business or industry, industry-specific magazines, trade fairs, seminars,<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_044\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-59\" href=\"#footnote-171-59\" aria-label=\"Footnote 59\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[59]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> and export training and technical assistance that is available to small businesses through the states and the federal government. The <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fita.org\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Federation of International Trade Associations<\/a> is a global trade portal that provides trade leads, market research, links to eight thousand import\/export websites, and even travel services. <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldbid.com\/index.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WorldBid.com<\/a> describes itself as the largest network of international trade marketplaces in the world, providing trade leads and new business contacts.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_045\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cSession 11: Global Expansion,\u201d My Own Business, accessed February 7, 2012, www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-60\" href=\"#footnote-171-60\" aria-label=\"Footnote 60\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[60]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p05\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">The Internet makes it possible to gather and view tremendous amounts of information. If a business is thinking seriously about going global, there is no better time to take advantage of this quick-and-easy access than now.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_n01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.3\u00a0Knowing the Export Environment<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p06\" class=\"para\">Government experts identify challenges and debunk some myths.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s02_p07\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/exportsuccess.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/exportsuccess.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Business Assessment: Are You Ready?<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">It is important to honestly self-evaluate a business to determine whether it is really ready to go global or not\u2026or at least not yet.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_046\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cIs Your Small Business Ready to Go Global?,\u201d Small Business CEO, February 7, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.smbceo.com\/2011\/02\/07\/global-business-2\u00a0\" id=\"return-footnote-171-61\" href=\"#footnote-171-61\" aria-label=\"Footnote 61\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[61]<\/sup><\/a>If a business is thinking about expanding globally, it is probably already doing something right to have reached this point. However, that does not preclude the importance of assessing its strengths and its weaknesses to determine the approach that should be taken in the global market.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_047\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-62\" href=\"#footnote-171-62\" aria-label=\"Footnote 62\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[62]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> This will be true no matter what role e-commerce plays in a business. Even a micromultinational business should assess its strengths and its weaknesses, although its instantaneous presence as a global business means that the assessment must be done at start-up and then must continue as products and services move from country to country.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">There are several issues that should be addressed. The following are some of the questions that should be asked:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_048\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-63\" href=\"#footnote-171-63\" aria-label=\"Footnote 63\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[63]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cStarting an Export Business,\u201d Gaebler.com, May 19, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.gaebler.com\/Starting-an-Export-Business.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-171-64\" href=\"#footnote-171-64\" aria-label=\"Footnote 64\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[64]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, and Jack R. Kapoor, Business (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 96\" id=\"return-footnote-171-65\" href=\"#footnote-171-65\" aria-label=\"Footnote 65\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[65]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cIs Your Small Business Ready to Go Global?,\u201d Small Business CEO, February 7, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.smbceo.com\/2011\/02\/07\/global-business-2\" id=\"return-footnote-171-66\" href=\"#footnote-171-66\" aria-label=\"Footnote 66\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[66]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>Why is a business successful in the domestic market? What is its growth rate? What are its strengths?<\/li>\n<li>What products have export potential? Do the products fill a niche that is exclusive to the US market? Are they packaged in a way that can be understood by non-English-speaking consumers? Do they violate any cultural taboos or contain ingredients that will prohibit their sale in a foreign market? Identify the key selling features of the products, identify the needs that they satisfy, and identify any selling constraints.<\/li>\n<li>What are the competitive advantages of a particular business\u2019s products over other domestic and international businesses?<\/li>\n<li>What competitive products are sold abroad and by whom?<\/li>\n<li>Does the product require complementary goods and technologies? If so, who will provide them?<\/li>\n<li>How will the business provide customer service?<\/li>\n<li>Can production handle a wider demographic? Can the business increase output without sacrificing quality?<\/li>\n<li>Does the business have the money to market globally?<\/li>\n<li>Is the entire business (including all staff) committed to a global effort?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">If a product is an industrial good, a business will want to know things such as what firms will likely use it, whether its use or life might be affected by climate, and whether geography will present transportation problems that will affect purchase. In the case of a consumer good, a business will want to know who will consume it; how frequently it will be purchased; whether it will be restricted abroad; whether climate or geography will negatively impact accessibility for purchase; and\u2014perhaps most importantly\u2014whether it conflicts with traditions, taboos, habits, or the beliefs of customers abroad.<span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-67\" href=\"#footnote-171-67\" aria-label=\"Footnote 67\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[67]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_p04\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">A helpful tool to assess readiness is the export questionnaire available at <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.export.gov\/begin\/assessment.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.export.gov\/begin\/assessment.asp<\/a>. This questionnaire highlights characteristics common to successful exporters and identifies areas that need to be strengthened to improve export activities.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_n01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.4\u00a0Where Will Your Next Customer Come From?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_p05\" class=\"para\">Small businesses looking to grow should look beyond US borders to find new customers.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s03_p06\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/where-will-your-next-customer-come\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.sba.gov\/content\/where-will-your-next-customer-come<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Marketing<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Just as it is necessary to offer a different marketing mix (see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_f01\">Figure 18.2 \"The Marketing Mix\"<\/a>) for different target markets, it will generally be necessary to adapt the marketing mix to the global market in general and different countries in particular. A business\u2019s unique <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1213\">value proposition<\/a>\u00a0(the set of benefits offered to customers to satisfy their needs and wants consisting of some combination of products, services, information, and experiences)<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_050\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, Marketing Management (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009), 13.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-68\" href=\"#footnote-171-68\" aria-label=\"Footnote 68\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[68]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> is what will differentiate one marketplace offering from the competition. Given the more diversified competition in the global marketplace, identifying the value proposition is even more critical\u2014and most likely more difficult\u2014than in the domestic market.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_051\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Jennifer LeClaire, \u201cHow to Take Your Small Business Global,\u201d E-Commerce Times, June 20, 2006, accessed February 7, 2012, www.ecommercetimes.com\/story\/50910.html%20?wlc=1305842348\" id=\"return-footnote-171-69\" href=\"#footnote-171-69\" aria-label=\"Footnote 69\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[69]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"figure large medium-height editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_f01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 18.2<\/span> The Marketing Mix<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2018\/12\/47a80f97d62ed6d616d287e8ee31ac59.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Product<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The ideal situation is when a product developed for the US market can be sold in a foreign country without any changes. Although some kinds of products can be introduced with no changes (e.g., cameras, consumer electronics, and many machine tools),<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_052\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, Marketing Management (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009), 611.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-70\" href=\"#footnote-171-70\" aria-label=\"Footnote 70\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[70]<\/sup><\/a>most products usually have to be altered in some way to meet conditions in a foreign market.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_053\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 49.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-71\" href=\"#footnote-171-71\" aria-label=\"Footnote 71\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[71]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> From a small business perspective, the owner will want to market products that do not require drastic changes to be accepted. Relatively minor packaging changes, such as size or the language on the package, can be made inexpensively, but more drastic changes should be avoided. If a product must be changed drastically to market it globally, conduct an in-depth cost analysis to determine whether the additional costs will outweigh the anticipated benefits.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_054\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cAll About Global Marketing,\u201d BusinessKnowledgeSource.com, accessed February 7, 2012, www.businessknowledgesource.com\/marketing\/all_about_global_marketing _032164.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-72\" href=\"#footnote-171-72\" aria-label=\"Footnote 72\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[72]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0If a product is a food or a beverage, for example, is the business prepared to make the changes necessary to appeal to widely varying tastes?\u00a0<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_055\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Arundhati Parmar, \u201cDependent Variables: Sound Global Strategies Rely on Certain Factors,\u201d Marketing News, September 2002, 2.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-73\" href=\"#footnote-171-73\" aria-label=\"Footnote 73\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[73]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Products need to be adapted for many reasons, including the following:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_056\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 341, 351, 353\" id=\"return-footnote-171-74\" href=\"#footnote-171-74\" aria-label=\"Footnote 74\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[74]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cGlobal Linguistic Analysis,\u201d Strategic Name Development, accessed February 7, 2012, www.namedevelopment.com\/global-linguistic -analysis.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-75\" href=\"#footnote-171-75\" aria-label=\"Footnote 75\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[75]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>Different physical or mandated requirements must be met (e.g., electrical goods will need to be rewired for different voltage systems).<\/li>\n<li>The legal, economic, political, technological, and climatic requirements of the local marketplace vary (e.g., varying laws will set specific packaging sizes and safety and quality standards).<\/li>\n<li>The product or the company name must translate flawlessly to the new target market so that it does not convey an unintended, perhaps very negative, meaning. One of the most well-known examples of a translation blunder is the Chevy Nova. In Spanish, \u201cnova\u201d means \u201cno go.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>The package label may need to be changed. Imagine the horror of a well-known baby food producer that introduced small jars of baby food in Africa when it found out that the consumers inferred from the baby picture on the jars that the jars contained ground-up babies. This shows us that even big companies can make big mistakes.<\/li>\n<li>A change in flavor or fragrance may be necessary to bring a product in line with what is expected in a culture. The pine and hints of ammonia or chlorine scents that are popular in the United States were flops in Japan because many Japanese sleep on the floor on futons. With their heads so close to the floor, a citrus scent is more pleasing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">The less economically developed a market happens to be, the greater may be the need for product adaptation. Research has found that only one in ten products can be marketed in developing countries without some kind of product adaptation.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_057\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 341.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-76\" href=\"#footnote-171-76\" aria-label=\"Footnote 76\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[76]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s01\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Cultural Differences<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">It is important to know that cultural and social differences are intertwined with the perceived value and importance that a market places on a product.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_058\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-77\" href=\"#footnote-171-77\" aria-label=\"Footnote 77\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[77]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u201cA product is more than a physical item: It is a bundle of satisfactions (or <em class=\"emphasis\">utilities<\/em>) that the buyer receives. These include its form, taste, color, odor, and texture; how it functions in use; the package; the label; the warranty; the manufacturer\u2019s and retailer\u2019s servicing; the confidence or prestige enjoyed by the brand; the manufacturer\u2019s reputation; the country of origin; and any other symbolic utility received from the possession or use of the goods. In short, the market relates to more than a product\u2019s physical form and primary function.\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_059\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"C. K. Prahalad, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid (Philadelphia: Wharton School Publishing, 2005), as cited in Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-78\" href=\"#footnote-171-78\" aria-label=\"Footnote 78\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[78]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">The values, customs, rituals, language, and taboos within a culture will determine the acceptability of a product or a service. Cultural sensitivity is particularly important in cyberspace. Website visitors may come from anywhere in the world. Icons and gestures that seem friendly to US visitors may shock people from other cultures. For example, a high-five hand gesture would be insulting to a visitor from Greece.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_060\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"David L. Kurtz, Contemporary Business (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 109.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-79\" href=\"#footnote-171-79\" aria-label=\"Footnote 79\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[79]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Knives and scissors should not be given as gifts in South America because they symbolize the severing of a friendship.\u00a0<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_061\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"David L. Kurtz, Contemporary Business (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 109.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-80\" href=\"#footnote-171-80\" aria-label=\"Footnote 80\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[80]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">The <em><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1214\">psychological attributes<\/a><\/strong><\/em> of a product (features that have little to do with the primary function of the product but add value to customer satisfaction, e.g., color, size, design, brand name, and price)<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-81\" href=\"#footnote-171-81\" aria-label=\"Footnote 81\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[81]<\/sup><\/a> can also vary across cultures, and the meaning and the value assigned to those attributes can be positive or negative. It may be necessary to adapt the nonphysical features of the product to maximize the positive meanings and eliminate the negative ones.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_063\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-82\" href=\"#footnote-171-82\" aria-label=\"Footnote 82\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[82]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> When Coca-Cola, the number one global brand, introduced Diet Coke to Japan, it found that Japanese women do not like to admit to dieting. Further, the idea of diet was associated with medicine and sickness. Coca-Cola ended up changing the name to Coke Light.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-83\" href=\"#footnote-171-83\" aria-label=\"Footnote 83\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[83]<\/sup><\/a> This happened in Europe as well, so if a product is associated with weight loss, a business must be very careful with its marketing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s02\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">The Package<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The package for a product includes its design, colors, labeling, trademarks, brand name, size, product information, and the actual packaging materials. There are many reasons why a package may have to be adapted for a particular country. There may be laws that stipulate a specific type of bottle or can, package sizes, measurement units, extraheavy packaging, and the use of particular words on the label.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_065\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 352.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-84\" href=\"#footnote-171-84\" aria-label=\"Footnote 84\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[84]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> In some cases, the expense of package adaptation may be cost prohibitive for entering a market. Consider the following examples:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_066\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 352\u201353.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-85\" href=\"#footnote-171-85\" aria-label=\"Footnote 85\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[85]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s02_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>In Japan, a poorly packaged product is seen as an indicator of product quality.<\/li>\n<li>Prices are required to be printed on the labels in Venezuela, but putting prices on labels or in any way suggesting the retail price in Chile is illegal.<\/li>\n<li>A soft-drink company from the United States incorporated six-point stars as decoration on its package labels. But it had inadvertently offended some of its Arab customers who interpreted the stars as symbolizing pro-Israeli sentiment.<\/li>\n<li>Soft drinks are sold in smaller sizes in Japan to accommodate the smaller Japanese hand.<\/li>\n<li>Descriptive words such as giant or jumbo on a package or a label may be illegal in some countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">The message here is clear. Before going global with a product, examine the packaging so that each element is in compliance with appropriate laws and regulations so that nothing will offend prospective customers.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s02_n01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Global Packaging<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s02_p03\" class=\"para\">Canada\u2019s oldest candymaker, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ganong.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ganong Brothers<\/a>, is located about one mile from Maine. The company chairman, David Ganong, can see the US border from his office window. You would think it would be easy for Ganong Brothers to sell to the US market. Not so. In Canada, nutritional labels read <em class=\"emphasis\">5 mg<\/em>, with a space between the number and the unit of measurement. Ganong\u2019s jellybeans cannot get into America unless the label reads <em class=\"emphasis\">5mg<\/em>, without the space. This difference, as well as differences in Canada\u2019s nutritional guidelines, means that Ganong must produce and package its US products separately, which reduces its efficiency. Small differences can and do have a significant effect on cross-border trade. This may be the reason why there is not as much trade between the United States and Canada as you would think.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_067\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Ryan Underwood, \u201cCreating a Smart Export Strategy,\u201d Inc., May 3, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.inc.com\/magazine\/20110501\/author-pankaj-ghemawat -on-global-expansion-for-small-exporters.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-86\" href=\"#footnote-171-86\" aria-label=\"Footnote 86\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[86]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0This notwithstanding, however, Canada remains the number one exporting destination for US small businesses.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_068\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d US International Trade Commission, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-87\" href=\"#footnote-171-87\" aria-label=\"Footnote 87\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[87]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">The Business Website<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">As part of product preparations, a business will need to make its website ready for international business. Remember that the website is a very cost-effective way to sell a product or a service across borders. Here are four ways to ready the website:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_069\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Anita Campbell, \u201cHow to Make Your Website Ready for International Business,\u201d Small Business Trends, October 29, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-88\" href=\"#footnote-171-88\" aria-label=\"Footnote 88\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[88]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_l01\" class=\"orderedlist editable block\">\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Internationalize website content.<\/strong> A business must account for language differences, and cultural differences may require different graphics and different colors. One way to deal with the additional costs is to translate text or provide country-specific sites only for the country or countries where the most products are sold. One organization that provides resources to help businesses localize their products and resources is the <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gala-global.org\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Globalization and Localization Association<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Calculate the buyer\u2019s costs and estimate shipping.<\/strong> Shipping internationally will take longer, is more complicated, and will be more expensive than shipping domestically. Fortunately, there are shipping management software packages available that will automatically figure the costs and delivery times for overseas orders, giving a close estimate. Large shipping carriers, such as UPS and FedEx, offer such software; other companies include E4X Inc., eCustoms, and Kewill Systems Plc.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_070\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Paul Demery, \u201cAnchors Aweigh,\u201d Internet Retailer, January 31, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, www.internetretailer.com\/2008\/01\/31\/anchors-aweigh\" id=\"return-footnote-171-89\" href=\"#footnote-171-89\" aria-label=\"Footnote 89\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[89]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Optimize site and search marketing for international web visitors.<\/strong> With the increase in cross-border selling, websites can be optimized for visitors from specific countries, and techniques can be used to attract international visitors through search engines and search ads. This is a growing specialty among search marketers. A business should definitely check out the cost of hiring such a marketer as a consultant. It would be well worth the investment.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Comply with government export regulations.<\/strong> A business does not need government approval to sell most goods and services across international borders. There are, of course, notable exceptions. For example, the US government restricts defense or military goods, and agricultural, plant, and food items may have restrictions or special labeling requirements. Such restrictions should be addressed on the website. It may be necessary to restrict the sale of certain products to certain countries only.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_n01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.5\u00a0Finding Your First Customer<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_p02\" class=\"para\">To find the first customer, visit the selected country.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_p03\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/findingfirst.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/findingfirst.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"callout editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_n02\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Translation Blunders in Global Marketing<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_p04\" class=\"para\">We often hear it said that something was lost in the translation. Here are some global marketing examples of translation blunders. Something important to note is that most of these blunders were committed by the \u201cbig guys,\u201d companies that are extremely marketing-savvy\u2014proof positive that no one is immune from this kind of error.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>When Coca-Cola was first translated phonetically into Chinese, the result was a phrase that meant \u201cbite the wax tadpole.\u201d When Coca-Cola discovered the error, the company was able to find a close phonetic equivalent that could be loosely translated as \u201chappiness in the mouth.\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_071\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cTranslation Problems in Global Marketing,\u201d My Opera, November 14, 2006, accessed February 7, 2012, my.opera.com\/kitkreuger\/blog\/2006\/11\/14\/translation -problems-in-global-marketing\" id=\"return-footnote-171-90\" href=\"#footnote-171-90\" aria-label=\"Footnote 90\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[90]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>When Pope John Paul II visited Miami in 1987, an ambitious entrepreneur wanted to sell t-shirts with the logo, \u201cI saw the Pope\u201d in Spanish. The entrepreneur forgot that the definite article in Spanish has two genders. Instead of printing \u201cEl Papa\u201d (\u201cthe Pope\u201d), he printed \u201cLa Papa\u201d (\u201cthe potato\u201d). Needless to say, there was no market for t-shirts that read \u201cI saw the potato.\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_072\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cTranslation Problems in Global Marketing,\u201d My Opera, November 14, 2006, accessed February 7, 2012, my.opera.com\/kitkreuger\/blog\/2006\/11\/14\/translation -problems-in-global-marketing\" id=\"return-footnote-171-91\" href=\"#footnote-171-91\" aria-label=\"Footnote 91\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[91]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Sunbeam got into trouble when it did not change the name of its Mist-Stick curling iron when marketing it in Germany. As it turned out, \u201cmist\u201d is German slang for manure. Not surprisingly, German women did not want to use a manure stick in their hair.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_073\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, Marketing Management (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009), 613.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-92\" href=\"#footnote-171-92\" aria-label=\"Footnote 92\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[92]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>A proposed new soap called \u201cDainty\u201d in English came out as \u201caloof\u201d in Flemish (Belgium), \u201cdimwitted\u201d in Farsi (Iran), and \u201ccrazy person\u201d in Korean. The product was dropped.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_074\"><a href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/attribution.html?utm_source=citation\">[citation redacted per publisher request]<\/a>.<\/span> The company either did not have the resources to research a new name or did not want to take the time and incur the costs to do so.<\/li>\n<li>Kellogg\u2019s Bran Buds sounded like \u201cburned farmer\u201d in Swedish.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_075\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"John Freivalds, \u201cWhat\u2019s in a Name?,\u201d Business Library, April 1996, accessed February 7, 2012, findarticles.com\/p\/articles\/mi_m4422\/is_n4_v13\/ai_18512264\" id=\"return-footnote-171-93\" href=\"#footnote-171-93\" aria-label=\"Footnote 93\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[93]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s01_s03_p05\" class=\"para\">Given that misunderstanding foreign languages can destroy a brand, it is worth the investment to hire someone who is proficient in the native language in the intended market\u2014including the use of slang. This will help a small business avoid a fatal mistake because it does not have the resources of the big companies to fix the mistakes.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_076\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Jeffrey Gangemi, \u201cAvoiding Faux Pas When Exporting,\u201d Bloomberg BusinessWeek, June 27, 2007, accessed February 7, 2012, www.BusinessWeek.com\/smallbiz\/content\/jun2007\/sb20070627_897013.htm?campaign_id=rss_smlbz\" id=\"return-footnote-171-94\" href=\"#footnote-171-94\" aria-label=\"Footnote 94\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[94]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0This concern must be extended to the web presence as well because the website is an integral part of the product.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s02\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Price<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Pricing for the global market is not an easy thing to do. Many factors must be taken into account, the first of which are traditional price considerations: fixed and variable costs, competition, company objectives, proposed positioning strategies, the target group, and willingness to pay.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_077\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cThe International Marketing Mix,\u201d Learn Marketing, accessed February 7, 2012, www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-171-95\" href=\"#footnote-171-95\" aria-label=\"Footnote 95\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[95]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Add to these factors things such as the additional costs that are incurred due to taxes, tariffs, transportation, retailer margin, and currency fluctuation risks;<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_078\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 40\" id=\"return-footnote-171-96\" href=\"#footnote-171-96\" aria-label=\"Footnote 96\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[96]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, Marketing Management (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009), 616.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-97\" href=\"#footnote-171-97\" aria-label=\"Footnote 97\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[97]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> the nature of the product or industry, the location of production facility, and the distribution system;<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_079\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Eric Mitchell, \u201cThe Pricing Advisor,\u201d The Pricing Advisor Newsletter, accessed February 7, 2012, members.pricingsociety.com\/articles\/Pricing-for-Global-Markets.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-98\" href=\"#footnote-171-98\" aria-label=\"Footnote 98\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[98]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> the psychological effects of price; the rest of the marketing mix; and the price transparency created by the Internet<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_080\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cThe International Marketing Mix,\u201d Learn Marketing, accessed February 7, 2012, www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-171-99\" href=\"#footnote-171-99\" aria-label=\"Footnote 99\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[99]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> and a business can begin to appreciate the challenges of global price setting. About the only thing that can be seen as a certainty is that a small business should expect the price of its product or service to be different, usually higher, in a foreign market.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_081\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 50.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-100\" href=\"#footnote-171-100\" aria-label=\"Footnote 100\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[100]<\/sup><\/a> The specifics of that difference need to be worked out carefully, with thorough analysis.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Setting the right price for a product or a service is critical to success. It will be a challenge to navigate the pricing waters of each different country\u2014to learn why, for example, a product sells for $16 in the United States but $23 in Britain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Place<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">As challenging as distribution may be for a small business in the domestic market, it is even more so for the global market. No matter the product, it has to go through a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1216\"><strong>distribution process<\/strong><\/a>\u2014the physical handling and distribution of goods, the passage of ownership or title, and the buying and selling negotiations between producers and middlemen and middlemen and customers.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_082\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 396.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-101\" href=\"#footnote-171-101\" aria-label=\"Footnote 101\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[101]<\/sup><\/a> It would make sense to be able to take advantage of existing transportation systems, retailers, and suppliers to sell goods and provide services. Unfortunately, adequate distribution systems do not exist in all countries, so a business will need to develop ways to get products to customers in as cost-effective a manner as possible.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_083\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 50.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-102\" href=\"#footnote-171-102\" aria-label=\"Footnote 102\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[102]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_n01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.6\u00a0Getting Your Product from Here to There<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p02\" class=\"para\">Small businesses rely on freight forwarding and shipping experts to move products around the world.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p03\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/heretothere.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/heretothere.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Before deciding on a channel or channels of distribution, a business needs information. The following are some basic questions as a starting point:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>Is the selected market dominated by major retailers or is the retail sector made up of small independent retailers?<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_084\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cThe International Marketing Mix,\u201d Learn Marketing, accessed February 7, 2012, www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-171-103\" href=\"#footnote-171-103\" aria-label=\"Footnote 103\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[103]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>How many intermediaries will be involved? In Japan, for example, a product must go through approximately five different types of wholesalers before it reaches the final consumer.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_085\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cThe International Marketing Mix,\u201d Learn Marketing, accessed February 7, 2012, www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-171-104\" href=\"#footnote-171-104\" aria-label=\"Footnote 104\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[104]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Can we use the manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer, or consumer channel or can we export directly to a retailer?<\/li>\n<li>Should we work with a foreign partner? Unless a business plans to establish a retail operation on foreign soil, it will need to establish business-to-business (B2B) sales relationships. Then products can be sold directly to foreign retailers or foreign distributors who will sell to those retailers. A foreign partner can provide valuable insights about local import regulations, product marketability, and local customs. The US Department of Commerce website contains directories of foreign buyers.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_086\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Ryan Underwood, \u201cCreating a Smart Export Strategy,\u201d Inc., May 3, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.inc.com\/magazine\/20110501\/author-pankaj-ghemawat -on-global-expansion-for-small-exporters.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-105\" href=\"#footnote-171-105\" aria-label=\"Footnote 105\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[105]<\/sup><\/a> Small businesses excel at forming strategic partnerships.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_087\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cGlobal Guru: Shaking Things Up. Making Things Happen,\u201d Change This, October 2004, accessed February 7, 2012, changethis.com\/manifesto\/6.03.GlobalGuru\/pdf\/6.03.GlobalGuru.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-106\" href=\"#footnote-171-106\" aria-label=\"Footnote 106\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[106]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Where can we attend a trade show or a trade mission? Going to these events can help a business find distribution channels.<\/li>\n<li>Is the Internet commonly used to distribute my product?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_n02\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.7\u00a0Understanding Partnerships and Distributors<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p05\" class=\"para\">Partnerships help many thriving US businesses overseas.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p06\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/partnerships.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/partnerships.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_n03\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.8\u00a0Identifying Marketing Channels\/Activities<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p07\" class=\"para\">How research and planning inform business growth.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p08\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/marketingchannels.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/marketingchannels.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p09\" class=\"para editable block\">In the final analysis, the behavior of distribution channel members will be the result of the interaction between cultural, economic, political, legal, and marketing environments. A small business that is looking to go global\u2014or is already there\u2014will encounter channel structures that range from a minimally developed marketing infrastructure, such as in emerging markets, to highly complex, multilayered systems, such as in Japan.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_088\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 396.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-107\" href=\"#footnote-171-107\" aria-label=\"Footnote 107\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[107]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s03_p10\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">When deciding to enter the global marketplace, a determination must be made as to whether the current channel structure in the selected country (or countries) will meet the business\u2019s needs or whether some additional arrangements will be needed. The means of distribution will necessarily be a country-by-country decision. No matter the arrangement, however, figure on the costs being greater than in the United States.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Promotion<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">It is understandable that a small business owner may want to use the same integrated marketing communications (IMC) programs used in the home market to inform customers in foreign markets and persuade them to buy. This \u201cone voice\u201d approach offers the advantage of enabling a business or a product to gain broader recognition in the global marketplace; it also helps reduce costs, minimize redundancies in personnel, and maximize the speed of implementation.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\".John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 50\" id=\"return-footnote-171-108\" href=\"#footnote-171-108\" aria-label=\"Footnote 108\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[108]<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cGlobal Marketing,\u201d SmallBusiness.com, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Global_marketing\" id=\"return-footnote-171-109\" href=\"#footnote-171-109\" aria-label=\"Footnote 109\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[109]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> However, things are not that easy. Cultural, social, language, and legal differences from country to country will usually make it necessary to modify IMC messages to not offend current or prospective customers. Modification is more of a challenge for the small business because the resources needed to make the changes are more limited.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">A business communicates with its customers through some combination of its website, advertising, publicity, public relations, sales promotion, sales personnel, e-mail, and social media. The actual mix will be a function of the selected country or countries. For example, in some less-developed countries, the major portion of the promotional effort in rural and less-accessible parts of the market is sales promotion; in other markets, product sampling works especially well when the product concept is new or has a very small market share.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_090\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 468.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-110\" href=\"#footnote-171-110\" aria-label=\"Footnote 110\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[110]<\/sup><\/a> In Saudi Arabia, there is an appreciation for fancy packaging, and point-of-sale advertising elicits the best reaction.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_091\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Marian Katz, \u201cNo Women, No Alcohol; Learn Saudi Taboos before Placing Ads,\u201d Abstracts, Business International, 1986, accessed June 1, 2012, www.faqs.org\/abstracts \/Business-international\/No-women-no-alcohol-learn-Saudi-taboos-before-placing-ads.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-111\" href=\"#footnote-171-111\" aria-label=\"Footnote 111\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[111]<\/sup><\/a> However, the appropriateness of IMC activities for a small business will depend on the product being marketed, the industry in which it is competing, and the country in which it hopes to sell the product.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Of all the four Ps, decisions involving advertising are thought to be those most often affected by cultural differences in foreign markets. Consumers respond in terms of their culture, style, feelings, value systems, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions. Because advertising\u2019s function is to interpret or translate the qualities of products and services in terms of consumer needs, wants, desires, and aspirations, emotional appeals, symbols, persuasive approaches, and other characteristics in an advertisement must coincide with cultural norms if the ad is to be effective.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_092\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 473.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-112\" href=\"#footnote-171-112\" aria-label=\"Footnote 112\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[112]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p04\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Examples abound of international advertising mistakes that have offended different cultures. Three are presented here. Although they are linked to large corporations, there are lessons to be learned by small businesses. No business is immune from making mistakes from time to time.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>Burger King ran in-store ads for three restaurants in Spain that depicted the Hindu goddess Lakshami on top of a ham sandwich. The caption read, \u201ca snack that is sacred.\u201d Many Hindus are vegetarian and were offended by the ad. Burger King pulled it.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_093\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Emily Bryson York, \u201cBurger King\u2019s MO: Offend, Earn Media, Apologize, Repeat,\u201d Ad Age Global, July 8, 2009, accessed February 7, 2012, adage.com\/article\/global-news\/advertising-burger-king-draws-ire-hindus-ad\/137801\" id=\"return-footnote-171-113\" href=\"#footnote-171-113\" aria-label=\"Footnote 113\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[113]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Burger King ran a campaign in Europe for the Texican Whopper that featured a lanky American cowboy; a short, round Mexican draped in a cape resembling Mexico\u2019s flag; and the caption, \u201cthe taste of Texas with a little spicy Mexican.\u201d There was an immediate uproar, with the Mexican ambassador to Spain objecting publicly.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_094\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Shaun Rein, \u201cLearn from Burger King\u2019s Advertising Fiasco,\u201d Forbes, April 20, 2009, accessed February 7, 2012, www.forbes.com\/2009\/04\/20\/advertising-global-mistakes -leadership-managing-marketing.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-114\" href=\"#footnote-171-114\" aria-label=\"Footnote 114\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[114]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>During a time when Fiat was trying to take advantage of auto sales growth in China, it released an ad in Italy in which actor Richard Gere drove a Lancia Delta from Hollywood to Tibet. The ad did not air in China, but it caused an online uproar nonetheless. Richard Gere is hated in China because he is an outspoken supporter of the Dalai Lama. His selection as the Fiat spokesperson was a major faux pas by Fiat.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_095\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Shaun Rein, \u201cLearn from Burger King\u2019s Advertising Fiasco,\u201d Forbes, April 20, 2009, accessed February 7, 2012, www.forbes.com\/2009\/04\/20\/advertising-global-mistakes -leadership-managing-marketing.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-115\" href=\"#footnote-171-115\" aria-label=\"Footnote 115\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[115]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">The reality of international advertising is that its cost and the effort required to prepare and place the ads correctly may be prohibitive for most small businesses, therefore pushing the emphasis on other elements of the IMC mix. However, a business will not know that for sure until it does the proper research before making a decision. Consider the characteristics of the target market, how the market uses media in that country, and which media are actually available. Some countries do not have commercial television, and some do not have advertising in newspapers. There will be newspaper and magazine circulation differences from country to country; in countries with a low literacy rate, radio and television advertising (if available) will be more effective than print media.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_096\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 50.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-116\" href=\"#footnote-171-116\" aria-label=\"Footnote 116\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[116]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p06\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Fortunately, small businesses that want to go global can look to social media for assistance. The social web is a low-cost way to catapult a small business brand into the global arena.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_097\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Susan Gunelius, \u201cBuilding Your Brand with Social Media,\u201d Reuters, January 4, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.reuters.com\/article\/2011\/01\/05\/idUS16245956220110105\" id=\"return-footnote-171-117\" href=\"#footnote-171-117\" aria-label=\"Footnote 117\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[117]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Facebook, the most popular social networking site in the world, has developed a self-serve advertising tool that has created the greatest interest among small businesses that might not have had the means to launch a global advertising campaign before. This would be a good place to start\u2014along with a map of the world\u2019s most popular media applications country by country and culture by culture, which is available at <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.appappeal.com\/the-most-popular-app-per-country\/social-networking\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.appappeal.com\/the-most-popular-app-per-country\/social-networking<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p07\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">No matter the mix of the IMC program, and no matter whether a business is business-to-consumer (B2C) or B2B, the way a business communicates internationally will be a major determinant of success. Each IMC component is a communication channel in its own right. A business must consider the appropriateness of each message in each channel. For example, is the message adequate? Does it contain correct cultural interpretations? Are the colors and graphics right? In the case of advertising, have the media been chosen that match the behavior of the intended audience? Have you correctly assessed the needs and wants or the thinking processes of the target market?<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_098\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Adapted from Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 479.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-118\" href=\"#footnote-171-118\" aria-label=\"Footnote 118\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[118]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s04_s04_p08\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Careful consideration of these and other communication issues will not guarantee success, but it should help reduce the chances of making a major marketing blunder.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Legal and Political Issues<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">It is impossible for any small business to know all the laws that pertain to exporting from the United States. Thus it is important to consult an attorney who is knowledgeable about the legal implications of globalization: international trade laws, tax laws, local regulations,<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_099\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cSmall Business Globalization: Should You Pursue Global Markets?,\u201d more-for-small business.com, accessed February 7, 2012, www.more-for-small-business.com\/small-business-globalization-should-you-pursue-global-markets.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-119\" href=\"#footnote-171-119\" aria-label=\"Footnote 119\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[119]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> international border restrictions, customs rules, and duties and taxes.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_100\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Paul Demery, \u201cAnchors Aweigh,\u201d Internet Retailer, January 31, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, www.internetretailer.com\/2008\/01\/31\/anchors-aweigh\" id=\"return-footnote-171-120\" href=\"#footnote-171-120\" aria-label=\"Footnote 120\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[120]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">To varying degrees, each small business must be concerned with the following. However, this list is not exhaustive; it is a sampling only.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act makes it illegal for companies to pay bribes to foreign officials, candidates, or political parties. The challenge for all US businesses is that bribery is a common business practice in many countries, even though it is illegal.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_101\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 203.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-121\" href=\"#footnote-171-121\" aria-label=\"Footnote 121\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[121]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Interestingly, private business bribes are tax deductible in Germany as long as the German businessperson discloses both his or her identity and the recipient of the bribe(s). Although it is supposedly rarely used, it is available.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_102\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Joshua Ritchie, \u201cThe 5 Most Bizarre Tax Deductions around the World,\u201d Mint Software Inc., December 15, 2009, accessed June 1, 2012, http:\/\/www.mint.com\/blog\/trends\/the-5-most-bizarre-tax-deductions-around-the-world\/\" id=\"return-footnote-171-122\" href=\"#footnote-171-122\" aria-label=\"Footnote 122\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[122]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Specific licenses and permits are required or additional paperwork must be completed if the following specific products are exported or imported: agricultural products, automobiles (not a likely product for a small business), chemicals, defense products, food and beverage products, industrial goods, and pharmaceutical and biotechnology products.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_103\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cExporting\/Importing Specific Products,\u201d US Small Business Administration, accessed February 7, 2012, www.sba.gov\/content\/exportingimporting-specific-products\" id=\"return-footnote-171-123\" href=\"#footnote-171-123\" aria-label=\"Footnote 123\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[123]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>There is heightened sensitivity since September 11, 2011, about exporting products that could even remotely be used in a military or a terrorist capacity.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_104\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cFor Entrepreneurs: Starting an Export Business,\u201d Gaebler.com, May 19, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.gaebler.com\/Starting-an-Export-Business.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-171-124\" href=\"#footnote-171-124\" aria-label=\"Footnote 124\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[124]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Brand names, trademarks, products, processes, designs, and formulas are among the more valuable assets a small business can possess. These need to be protected\u2014domestically and internationally. US officials estimate that $300 billion of intellectual property assets are ripped off every year.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_105\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 193.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-125\" href=\"#footnote-171-125\" aria-label=\"Footnote 125\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[125]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>There are commercial laws within countries related to marketing, environmental issues, and antitrust.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_n01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.9\u00a0Understanding Legal Considerations<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_p03\" class=\"para\">Important legal considerations for small businesses that want to go global.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_p04\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/legal.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/legal.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s05_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">In addition to legal considerations, no small business can conduct global business without understanding the influence of the political environments in which it will be operating.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_106\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 158.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-126\" href=\"#footnote-171-126\" aria-label=\"Footnote 126\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[126]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Every nation has the sovereign right to grant or withhold permission to do business within its political boundaries and control where its citizens do business, so the political environment of countries is necessarily a critical concern to any small business.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_107\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 158.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-127\" href=\"#footnote-171-127\" aria-label=\"Footnote 127\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[127]<\/sup><\/a> Political issues include the stability of government policies (a stable and friendly government being the ideal), the forms of government (with some being more open to foreign commerce than others), political parties and their influence on economic policy, the degree of nationalism (the greater the nationalism, the greater the bias against foreign business and investments may be), fear and\/or animosity that is targeted toward a specific country, and trade disputes.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_108\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 159-165.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-128\" href=\"#footnote-171-128\" aria-label=\"Footnote 128\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[128]<\/sup><\/a> One or all these things create political risk that must be assessed. The most severe political risk is confiscation, the seizing of a company\u2019s assets without payment.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_109\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 166.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-129\" href=\"#footnote-171-129\" aria-label=\"Footnote 129\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[129]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s06\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Currency Exchange Issues<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s06_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1217\"><em><strong>exchange rate<\/strong><\/em><\/a> is the rate at which one country\u2019s currency can be exchanged for the currency of another country.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 39.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-130\" href=\"#footnote-171-130\" aria-label=\"Footnote 130\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[130]<\/sup><\/a> For example, assume that on a particular day, $1 exchanged for 0.75643 euros and 49.795 Indian rupees.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cEuro,\u201d X-rates.com, accessed March 5, 2012, www.x-rates.com\/d\/EUR\/table.html;%20X-rates.com\" id=\"return-footnote-171-131\" href=\"#footnote-171-131\" aria-label=\"Footnote 131\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[131]<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cIndian Rupee,\u201d X-Rates, accessed March 5, 2012, www.x-rates.com\/d\/INR\/table.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-132\" href=\"#footnote-171-132\" aria-label=\"Footnote 132\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[132]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> These exchange rates then changed the next day, when $1 exchanged for 0.6891 euros and 49.845 Indian rupees, meaning that the value of the US dollar <em class=\"emphasis\">increased<\/em> in value with respect to the euro and <em class=\"emphasis\">decreased<\/em> in value against the Indian rupee. Currency exchange rates change daily, and they are important because currency fluctuations can present additional problems for the small business looking to go global. The appreciation and depreciation of a currency will have an effect on the prices of goods and services. For example, as the dollar declines in value against the euro, the price of goods and services from the European Union for US customers will increase, likely reducing their purchases.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_112\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 39.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-133\" href=\"#footnote-171-133\" aria-label=\"Footnote 133\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[133]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> The following are other implications of exchange rate fluctuations:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_113\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 537\" id=\"return-footnote-171-134\" href=\"#footnote-171-134\" aria-label=\"Footnote 134\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[134]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"David L. Kurtz, Contemporary Business (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 113.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-135\" href=\"#footnote-171-135\" aria-label=\"Footnote 135\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[135]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s06_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>Inattention to exchange rates in long-term contracts could result in large unintended discounts.<\/li>\n<li>Rapid and unexpected currency fluctuations can make pricing in local currencies very difficult.<\/li>\n<li>Shifts in exchange rates can influence the attractiveness of various business decisions, not the least of which is whether doing business in a particular country is worthwhile.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s06_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Different strategies may be needed when the dollar is weak versus when it is strong. For example, when the US dollar is weak, a business should stress price benefits. When the dollar is strong, a business can engage in nonprice competition by improving quality, delivery, and after-sale services.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_114\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 538.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-136\" href=\"#footnote-171-136\" aria-label=\"Footnote 136\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[136]<\/sup><\/a> To navigate these challenging currency exchange waters, it will be necessary to tap into accounting and finance expertise.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Sources of Financing<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">How a business finances an export project is often a critical factor in its success. Financing decisions extend to working capital and export transactions. Working capital is needed to finance operations before and after a sale, and money is needed to sustain a business until it is paid for the goods and services that have been provided (export transactions). The <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.wita.org\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Trade Association<\/a> in the US Department of Commerce identifies the following factors as important to consider when making financing decisions.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_115\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Department of Commerce, A Basic Guide to Exporting, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 193\u201394.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-137\" href=\"#footnote-171-137\" aria-label=\"Footnote 137\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[137]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">The need for financing to make the sale.<\/strong> Offering favorable payment terms can make a product more competitive.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">The length of time the product is being financed.<\/strong> The term of the loan required determines how long a business will have to wait before the buyer pays for the product, which will influence the choice of how to finance the transaction.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">The cost of different methods of financing.<\/strong> Interest rates and fees will vary, and a business should probably expect to assume some of the financing costs. Before providing an invoice to the buyer, a business must understand how these costs will affect price and profit.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">The risks associated with financing the transaction.<\/strong> The riskier the transaction, the more difficult and costly it will be for a business to finance it because there will likely be a higher chance for default. The level of risk will be influenced by several things, not the least of which is the political and economic stability of the buyer\u2019s country. In risky situations, the financing provider may require the most secure method of payment\u2014a letter of credit or export credit insurance.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">The need for preshipment financing and postshipment working capital.<\/strong> Working capital could experience unexpected and severe strains with the production of an unusually large order or a surge of orders. Inadequate working capital can limit exporting growth\u2014even during normal periods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Where to Go<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Small businesses have reported that problems with access to financing for their exporting operations are a major barrier to exporting. The difficulties they experience in obtaining both trade finance and working capital often prevent small businesses from financing purchases by foreign buyers. This encourages foreign buyers to choose suppliers that are able to extend credit. Small businesses must also face the perception of lending institutions that they are a higher risk than larger companies coupled with a lack of familiarity with exporting by community banks.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_116\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d US International Trade Commission, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-138\" href=\"#footnote-171-138\" aria-label=\"Footnote 138\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[138]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Despite any anticipated difficulties, small businesses need to find export financing. They can look for financing in several places. The first place to look is internally. Does it already have the funds to finance global efforts? If the answer is yes, then all is well. This was the case for Center Rock, the small business featured at the beginning of this chapter. If the answer is no, which will most likely be the case, it will be necessary to look for external financing. A range of options is available for small businesses to consider (see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_t01\">Table 18.3 \"Sources of Export Financing for the Small Business\"<\/a>). As you will see, most financing sources are available from the government. A small business must become familiar with the financing, insurance, and grant programs that are available to help it finance transactions and carry out export operations.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_117\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201c6 Steps to Begin Exporting,\u201d US Small Business Administration, accessed February 7, 2012, www.sba.gov\/content\/6-steps-begin-exporting\" id=\"return-footnote-171-139\" href=\"#footnote-171-139\" aria-label=\"Footnote 139\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[139]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"table block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_t01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Table 18.3<\/span> Sources of Export Financing for the Small Business<\/h3>\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Source<\/th>\n<th>Information<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Extending credit to foreign buyers working with commercial banks<\/td>\n<td>Liberal financing can enhance export competitiveness, but extending credit must be weighed carefully. Some commercial bank services used to finance domestic business, including revolving lines of credit for working capital, are often needed to finance export sales until payment is received. However, commercial banks prefer to establish an ongoing business relationship instead of financing solely on the basis of an individual order. Most US banks do not lend against export orders, export receivables, or letters of credit.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Export Express 7(a) Loan Programs<\/td>\n<td>Offered by the SBA, this streamlined program helps small businesses develop or expand their export markets. A business may be able to obtain SBA-backed financing for loans and lines of credit up to $500,000.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Export Working Capital Program (EWCP) 7(a) Loan Programs<\/td>\n<td>This SBA loan program targets small businesses that are able to generate export sales but need additional working capital to support these sales. The SBA provides lenders guarantees of up to 90 percent on export loans to ensure that qualified exporters do not lose viable export sales due to a lack of working capital.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>International Trade Loan Program 7(a) Loan Programs<\/td>\n<td>Loans are available for businesses that plan to start or continue exporting or have been adversely affected by competition from imports. The loan proceeds must enable the borrower to be in a better position to compete. The program offers borrowers a maximum SBA-guaranteed portion of $1.75 million.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Export-Import Bank<\/td>\n<td>An independent federal agency that provides working capital loan guarantees, export-credit insurance, and other forms of financing for US exporters of all sizes. The funds are aimed at offsetting the added risks of doing business abroad, from complex trade rules to unpaid bills.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Using export intermediaries<\/td>\n<td>Many export intermediaries, for example, trading companies and export management companies, can help finance export sales. The intermediaries may provide short-term financing or may purchase the goods to be exported directly from the manufacturer, thus eliminating any risks to the manufacturer that are associated with the export transaction as well as the need for financing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"copyright\">\n<p class=\"para\">Source: <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cExport Financing,\u201d US Small Business Administration, accessed February 7, 2012, http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/export-financing-0\" id=\"return-footnote-171-140\" href=\"#footnote-171-140\" aria-label=\"Footnote 140\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[140]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/export-financing-0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Department of Commerce, A Basic Guide to Exporting, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 194, 197\" id=\"return-footnote-171-141\" href=\"#footnote-171-141\" aria-label=\"Footnote 141\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[141]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cMore Small Businesses Seek Export Financing,\u201d Wall Street Journal, May 20, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, http:\/\/blogs.wsj.com\/in-charge\/2011\/05\/20\/more-small-businesses-seek-export-financing\" id=\"return-footnote-171-142\" href=\"#footnote-171-142\" aria-label=\"Footnote 142\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[142]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_n01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.10\u00a0Financing<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_p03\" class=\"para\">Some of the ways small businesses can finance their exporting projects.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_p04\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/financing.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/financing.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"key_takeaways editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_n02\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>Expanding into global markets introduces new complexities into small business operations.<\/li>\n<li>The decision to go global should be based on an assessment of the ways to export, an analysis of the industry and a particular company, marketing and cultural factors, legal and political conditions, currency exchange rates, and sources of financing.<\/li>\n<li>There are two basic ways to export: direct or indirect. In direct exporting, a small business exports directly to a customer who is interested in buying the product. Indirect exporting involves using a middleman for marketing and selling the product in the target market.<\/li>\n<li>Industry analysis involves looking at where an industry currently is and the trends and directions predicted over the next three years so that a business can try to determine how competitive an industry is in the global market.<\/li>\n<li>It is important to honestly self-evaluate a business to determine whether it is ready to go global or not.<\/li>\n<li>It will generally be necessary to adapt the marketing mix to the global market in general and different countries in particular.<\/li>\n<li>Legal issues include international trade laws, tax laws, and local regulations.<\/li>\n<li>No small business can conduct global business without understanding the influence of the political environments in which it will be operating.<\/li>\n<li>Currency exchange rates are important because currency fluctuations can present additional problems for a small business that is looking to go global. In particular, the appreciation and depreciation of a currency will have an effect on the prices of goods and services.<\/li>\n<li>How a business finances an export project is often a critical factor in its success.<\/li>\n<li>Working capital is needed before and after the sale, and money is needed until the goods and services that have been provided have been paid for.<\/li>\n<li>Many\u2014perhaps most\u2014of the sources for small business exporting activity are governmental.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s02_s07_s01_l02\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>Comment on the following: a small business owner firmly believes that because a product is successful in Chicago, Illinois, it will be successful in Tokyo or Berlin.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_118\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Adapted from Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 367.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-143\" href=\"#footnote-171-143\" aria-label=\"Footnote 143\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[143]<\/sup><\/a> Be as specific as you can in your comments.<\/li>\n<li>There has been tremendous growth in online business, which has introduced new elements to the legal climate of global business. Patents, brand names, copyrights, and trademarks are difficult to monitor because there are no boundaries with the Internet. What steps could a small business take to protect its trademarks and brands in this environment? Prepare at least five suggestions.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_119\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"David L. Kurtz, Contemporary Business (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 133.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-144\" href=\"#footnote-171-144\" aria-label=\"Footnote 144\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[144]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Find a local small business that exports its products. Talk to the owner about his or her experiences. Ask questions such as the following: What convinced you to export? How did you decide on the product(s) to export? Did you have to adapt your product(s) in any way? What were the greatest barriers you had to face?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n<h1 class=\"title editable block\">Key Management Decisions and Considerations<\/h1>\n<div class=\"learning_objectives editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_n01\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>Understand the organizational support that will be needed for exporting activities.<\/li>\n<li>Understand the need to select the best market to entry.<\/li>\n<li>Identify and describe each possible market entry strategy.<\/li>\n<li>Learn about the different approaches to getting paid.<\/li>\n<li>Appreciate the importance of business etiquette when traveling to visit customers.<\/li>\n<li>Understand the importance of an export plan.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">After a business decides to jump into the global pond, several key management decisions must be made (<a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_f01\">Figure 18.3 \"Management Decisions\"<\/a>). Among them are organization for the global project, selecting the best market to enter, the level of involvement desired, and how to get paid. There should also be consideration of global etiquette and travel.<\/p>\n<div class=\"figure large editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_f01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 18.3<\/span> Management Decisions<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2018\/12\/438f02ceadefff25674b1b8e7bb3b578.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Several important questions about the global venture should be answered before making any management decisions or considerations.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_120\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cManagement Issues Involved in the Export Decision,\u201d Export.gov, March 31, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp\" id=\"return-footnote-171-145\" href=\"#footnote-171-145\" aria-label=\"Footnote 145\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[145]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Less than satisfactory answers to these questions may put the global venture in jeopardy.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_l02\" class=\"orderedlist editable block\">\n<li>Do the company\u2019s reasons for pursuing export markets include solid objectives, such as increasing sales volume or developing a broader, more stable customer base, or are the reasons frivolous, such as the owner wants an excuse to travel?<\/li>\n<li>How committed is top management to the export effort? Is it viewed as a quick fix for a slump in domestic sales? Will the company neglect its export customers if domestic sales pick up?<\/li>\n<li>What are management\u2019s expectations for the export effort? Will they expect export operations to become self-sustaining quickly? If so, how quickly?<\/li>\n<li>What level of return on investment is expected from the export project?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s01\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Organization for the Global Project<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">It will be important to have some kind of structure or team within the business to handle the global side of the business. It does not have to be large, but it should be dedicated to ensuring that export sales are adequately serviced, and there should be a clear indication of who will be responsible for the organization and staffing.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_121\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cManagement Issues Involved in the Export Decision,\u201d Export.gov, March 31, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp\" id=\"return-footnote-171-146\" href=\"#footnote-171-146\" aria-label=\"Footnote 146\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[146]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Having the right resources for the global effort is critical, so a business should make the most of skills already held by staff members, for example, languages or familiarity with a range of foreign currencies. If these and other needed skills are not already available on staff, a small business should seek assistance from external experts.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_122\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Tricia Phillips, \u201cBiz Bureau Gives Top Tips on Going Global with Your Business,\u201d Mirror, January 26, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.mirror.co.uk\/advice\/money\/2011\/01\/26\/biz-bureau-gives-top-tips-on-going-global-with-your-business-115875 -22875517\" id=\"return-footnote-171-147\" href=\"#footnote-171-147\" aria-label=\"Footnote 147\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[147]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Other organizational issues that small businesses must address before going abroad include the following:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_123\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Denise O\u2019Berry, \u201cIs Now the Time to Expand to Global Markets?,\u201d AllBusiness.com, April 14, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-management\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-148\" href=\"#footnote-171-148\" aria-label=\"Footnote 148\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[148]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-management\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Anita Campbell, \u201cSmaller and Younger Companies Get Overseas Presence,\u201d Small Business Trends, December 7, 2007, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2007\/12\/smaller-and-younger-companies-get-overseas-presence.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-149\" href=\"#footnote-171-149\" aria-label=\"Footnote 149\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[149]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cManagement Issues Involved in the Export Decision,\u201d Export.gov, March 31, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp\" id=\"return-footnote-171-150\" href=\"#footnote-171-150\" aria-label=\"Footnote 150\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[150]<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"footnote\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Getting internal buy-in.<\/strong> Because going overseas to do business is a larger undertaking than many businesses realize, make sure that senior management and the people who are responsible for implementing and supporting the overseas effort know what the goals are and what is expected of them with respect to oversight and management. Knowing how much senior management time should be and could be allocated is an important part of getting internal buy-in. Look for support from people in all functions of the business.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Making sure that the full costs of overseas hiring are understood.<\/strong> If people from overseas will be hired, employment regulations and practices are very different. For example, outside the United States, employment benefits often represent a larger percentage of an employee\u2019s salary than in the United States; in the European Union, for example, a full-blown employment contract is needed, not just an offer letter. This tilts the balance of power to the employee at the expense of the company, making termination very difficult. Understanding the full ramifications of hiring people outside the United States has significant implications for a company\u2019s financial success.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Thinking about how the business will manage overseas employees\u2019 expectations.<\/strong> Different time zones and countries wreak havoc with keeping employees on the same page. Employees hired locally may have very different ideas about what is considered acceptable than a US employee does. Unless expectations and responsibilities are clearly conveyed at the beginning, problems will undoubtedly arise. They may anyway, but perhaps they will not be as serious.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s02\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Market Selection<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">A business must select the best market(s) to enter. The three largest markets for US products are Canada, Japan, and Mexico, but these countries may not be the largest or best markets for a particular product.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_124\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-151\" href=\"#footnote-171-151\" aria-label=\"Footnote 151\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[151]<\/sup><\/a> If a business is not sure where the best place for doing global business is, one good approach is to find out where domestic competitors have been expanding internationally. Although moving into the same market(s) may make good sense, a good strategy might also be to go somewhere else. Three key US government databases that can identify the countries that represent significant export potential for a product are as follows:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_125\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-152\" href=\"#footnote-171-152\" aria-label=\"Footnote 152\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[152]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s02_l01\" class=\"orderedlist editable block\">\n<li>The SBA\u2019s Automated Trade Locator Assistance System<\/li>\n<li>Foreign Trade Report FT925<\/li>\n<li>The US Department of Commerce\u2019s National Trade Data Bank<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">After identifying the country or countries that may offer the best market potential for a product, serious market research should be conducted. A business should look at all the following factors: demographic, geographic, political, economic, social, cultural, market access, distribution, production, and the existence or absence of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1192\"><strong>tariffs<\/strong> <\/a> and nontariff trade barriers. Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods so that the price of imported goods increases to the level of domestic goods. Tariffs can be particularly critical in selecting a particular country because the tariff may make it impossible for a US small business to profitably sell its products in a particular country.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s02_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1218\"><strong>Nontariff trade barriers<\/strong><\/a> are laws or regulations enacted by a country to protect its domestic industries against foreign competition.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_126\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-153\" href=\"#footnote-171-153\" aria-label=\"Footnote 153\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[153]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> These barriers include such things as import licensing requirements; fees; government procurement policies; border taxes; and packaging, labeling, and marking standards.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_127\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 40.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-154\" href=\"#footnote-171-154\" aria-label=\"Footnote 154\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[154]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s03\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Market Entry Strategies<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">A small business must decide how it wants to enter the selected foreign market(s). Several choices might look attractive for a business (see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s03_f01\">Figure 18.4 \"Examples of Export Market Entry Strategies\"<\/a>). Direct and indirect exporting, strategic alliances, joint ventures, and direct foreign investment are discussed in this section. The benefits and risks associated with each strategy depend on many factors. Among them are the type of product or service being produced; the need for product or service support; and the foreign economic, political, business, and cultural environment to be penetrated. A firm\u2019s level of resources and commitment and the degree of risk it is willing to incur will help determine the strategy that the business thinks will work best.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_128\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cExporting Basics,\u201d SmallBusiness.com, February 6, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Exporting_basics\" id=\"return-footnote-171-155\" href=\"#footnote-171-155\" aria-label=\"Footnote 155\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[155]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"figure large editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s03_f01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 18.4<\/span> Examples of Export Market Entry Strategies<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2018\/12\/226506a3ef33daf54d894634c2802286.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s03_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1219\"><em><strong>Joint venture (JV)<\/strong><\/em><\/a> is a partnership with a foreign firm formed to achieve a specific goal or operate for a specific period of time. A legal entity is created, with the partners agreeing to share in the management of the JV, and each partner holds an equity position. Each company retains its separate identity. Among the benefits are immediate market knowledge and access, reduced risk, and control over product attributes. On the negative side, JV agreements across national borders can be extremely complex, which requires a very high level of commitment by all parties.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_129\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 329\" id=\"return-footnote-171-156\" href=\"#footnote-171-156\" aria-label=\"Footnote 156\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[156]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, and Jack R. Kapoor, Business (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 93\" id=\"return-footnote-171-157\" href=\"#footnote-171-157\" aria-label=\"Footnote 157\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[157]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cJoint Ventures and Strategic Alliances,\u201d Fukuda Law Firm, accessed February 7, 2012.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-158\" href=\"#footnote-171-158\" aria-label=\"Footnote 158\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[158]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Because some countries have restrictions on the foreign ownership of corporations, a JV may be the only way a small business can purchase facilities in another country.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_130\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 47.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-159\" href=\"#footnote-171-159\" aria-label=\"Footnote 159\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[159]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1184\"><em><strong>Strategic alliance<\/strong><\/em><\/a> is very similar to a JV in that it is a partnership formed to create competitive advantage on a worldwide basis.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_131\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, and Jack R. Kapoor, Business (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 93.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-160\" href=\"#footnote-171-160\" aria-label=\"Footnote 160\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[160]<\/sup><\/a> An agreement is signed between two corporations, but a separate business entity is not created.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_132\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cJoint Ventures and Strategic Alliances,\u201d Fukuda Law Firm, accessed February 7, 2012.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-161\" href=\"#footnote-171-161\" aria-label=\"Footnote 161\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[161]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> The business relationship is based on cooperation out of mutual need, and there is shared risk in achieving a common objective. Growing at a rate of about 20 percent per year, strategic alliances are created for many reasons (e.g., opportunities for rapid expansion into new markets, reduced marketing costs, and strategic competitive moves).<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_133\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 327.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-162\" href=\"#footnote-171-162\" aria-label=\"Footnote 162\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[162]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u201cSmall businesses excel at forming strategic partnerships and alliances which make them look bigger than they are and offer their customers a global reach.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201dLaurel Delaney, \u201cGlobal Guru: Shaking Things Up. Making Things Happen,\u201d Change This, October 19, 2004, accessed February 7, 2012, changethis.com\/manifesto\/6.03.GlobalGuru\/pdf\/6.03.GlobalGuru.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-171-163\" href=\"#footnote-171-163\" aria-label=\"Footnote 163\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[163]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<li><em><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_171_1220\">Direct foreign investment<\/a><\/strong><\/em> is exactly what it sounds like: investment in a foreign country. If a business is interested in manufacturing locally to take advantage of low-cost labor, gain access to raw materials, reduce the high costs of transportation to market, or gain market entry, direct foreign investment is something to be considered. However, the complicated mix of considerations and risks\u2014for example, the growing complexity and contingencies of contracts and degree of product differentiation\u2014makes decisions about foreign investments increasingly difficult.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_135\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, International Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 332.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-164\" href=\"#footnote-171-164\" aria-label=\"Footnote 164\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[164]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s04\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Getting Paid<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Being paid in full and on time is of obvious importance to a business, so the level of risk that it is willing to assume in extending credit to customers is a major consideration.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_136\"><\/span><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Department of Commerce, A Basic Guide to Exporting, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 177.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-165\" href=\"#footnote-171-165\" aria-label=\"Footnote 165\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[165]<\/sup><\/a> The credit of a buyer will always be a concern, but potentially more worrisome is the lessened recourse a business will have when it comes to collecting unpaid international debts. Extra caution must be exercised. Both the business owner and the buyer must agree on the terms of the sale in advance.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_137\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-166\" href=\"#footnote-171-166\" aria-label=\"Footnote 166\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[166]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s04_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">The primary methods of payment for international transactions are payment in advance (the most secure), letters of credit, documentary collection (drafts), consignment, and open account (the least secure), which are described as follows:<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_138\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d The Global Small Business Blog, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-167\" href=\"#footnote-171-167\" aria-label=\"Footnote 167\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[167]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Department of Commerce, A Basic Guide to Exporting, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 178\u201380, 182\u201383.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-168\" href=\"#footnote-171-168\" aria-label=\"Footnote 168\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[168]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s04_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Cash in advance.<\/strong> This is the ideal method of payment because a company is relieved of collection problems and has immediate use of the money. Unfortunately, it tends to be an option only when the manufacturing process is specialized, lengthy, or capital intensive and requires partial or progress payments. Wire transfers are commonly used, and many exporters accept credit cards.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Documentary letter of credit.<\/strong> This is an internationally recognized instrument issued by a bank on behalf of its client, the purchaser. A letter of credit represents the bank\u2019s guarantee to pay the seller, provided that the conditions specified in the letter are fulfilled.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Documentary collection or draft.<\/strong> This involves the use of a draft, drawn by the seller on the buyer. It requires the buyer to pay the face amount either on sight (sight draft) or on a specified date in the future (time draft). The draft is an unconditional order to make payment in accordance with its terms, which specify the documents needed before title to the goods will be passed. All terms of payment should be clearly specified so that confusion and delay are avoided.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Open account.<\/strong> With an open account, the exporter bills the customer, who is then expected to pay under agreed-on terms at a future date after the goods are manufactured and delivered (usually with fifteen, thirty, or sixty days). This payment method works well if the buyer is well established, has a long and favorable payment record, or has been thoroughly checked for being creditworthy. This approach is considered risky in international business because a business has limited recourse if debts are unpaid. Small businesses considering this option must examine the political, economic, and commercial risks very thoroughly.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Consignment sales.<\/strong> Goods are shipped to a foreign distributor, which sells them on behalf of the exporter. Title to the goods remains with the exporter until they are sold, at which point payment is sent to the exporter. The exporter has the greatest risk and least control over the goods with this method, and payment may take a while. Risk insurance should be seriously considered with consignment sales.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s04_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">When buyers default on their payments, it can be time-consuming, difficult, and expensive to obtain payments. A business should contact the buyer and try to negotiate payment. If negotiation fails and the amount of the debt is large enough to make a difference in that business, obtain the assistance and advice of the business\u2019s bank, legal counsel, and the <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/trade.gov\/cs\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">US Commercial Service<\/a>, an organization that can resolve payment problems informally. If arbitration becomes necessary, the <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.iccwbo.org\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Chamber of Commerce<\/a> is the place to go. It handles most international arbitrations and is usually acceptable to foreign companies because it is not affiliated with any single country.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_139\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Department of Commerce, A Basic Guide to Exporting, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 184.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-169\" href=\"#footnote-171-169\" aria-label=\"Footnote 169\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[169]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Business Etiquette and Travel<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Having a successful global business requires getting to know the history, the culture, and the customs of the country or countries in which a business hopes to expand. Each country is different from another and the United States in some ways. Some of these differences have been discussed earlier in this chapter. Among the cultural differences to be faced are business styles, attitudes toward business relationships and punctuality, negotiating styles, gift-giving customers, greetings, the significance of gestures, the meanings of colors and numbers, and customs regarding titles. For example, engaging in small talk before conducting business is standard practice in Saudi Arabia, and gift giving is an important part of doing business in Japan.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_140\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Department of Commerce, A Basic Guide to Exporting, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 211.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-170\" href=\"#footnote-171-170\" aria-label=\"Footnote 170\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[170]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Before traveling to the chosen country or countries, knowing any and all cultural differences is critical. It is also important to educate stateside employees who will be working with international customers.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Being successful in global operations will depend on the relationships that are built. The best way to build them is by traveling to the selected country. Travel there\u2026but do so with the cultural knowledge and understanding that will allow the conduct of business without inadvertently offending a potential customer.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05_n01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.11\u00a0Meet Your Customers: Traveling There<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05_p04\" class=\"para\">Building relationships for success in exporting businesses.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s05_p05\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/travelingthere.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/travelingthere.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">The Export Plan<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">After deciding to sell products or services abroad, a carefully researched export plan is a source of direction. An export plan helps a business act on\u2014rather than react to\u2014the challenges and risks encountered in global business. The plan will also help a business obtain financial assistance and find investors, strategic partners, and JV partners that may be needed for success.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_141\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201c10 Steps to Successful Exporting,\u201d About.com, accessed February 7, 2012, sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-171-171\" href=\"#footnote-171-171\" aria-label=\"Footnote 171\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[171]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">There are many elements of an export plan, including a description of the company; its market and industry; its objectives; information on its products or services; an analysis of the target market and industry, including trends and forecasts; an examination of competitors and their strengths and weaknesses; international marketing strategies, including customer profiling and the development of sales and distribution channels; employment and training issues; after-sales and customer service, and financial requirements and forecasts.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_142\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201c10 Steps to Successful Exporting,\u201d About.com, accessed February 7, 2012, sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-171-172\" href=\"#footnote-171-172\" aria-label=\"Footnote 172\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[172]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u201cMany companies launch their export activities haphazardly and are unsuccessful in their early efforts because of poor or no planning, which often leads them to abandon exporting altogether.\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_143\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Department of Commerce, A Basic Guide to Exporting, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 18.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-173\" href=\"#footnote-171-173\" aria-label=\"Footnote 173\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[173]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_n01\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.12\u00a0Providing Good Customer Service<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p03\" class=\"para\">Small business owners talk about what they have learned by serving international customers.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p04\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/customerservice.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/customerservice.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">A business\u2019s first export plan should be simple, only a few pages because important market data and planning elements may not be easily available or completely unavailable. The plan should be written and seen as a flexible management document, not a static document that sits on a shelf somewhere gathering dust. Objectives need to be compared against actual results, just as a business would do with its marketing plan and its overall business plan. A business should be open to revising the plan as necessary as new information becomes available and experience is gained.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_144\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Department of Commerce, A Basic Guide to Exporting, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 18.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-174\" href=\"#footnote-171-174\" aria-label=\"Footnote 174\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[174]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_n02\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Video Link 18.13\u00a0Creating an Export Business Plan<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p06\" class=\"para\">Small business owners agree that developing a strategic plan is the first step toward exporting success.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_p07\" class=\"para\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/exporting\/businessplan.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/exporting\/businessplan.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"key_takeaways editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_n03\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s03_s06_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>Before taking a business global, desire to pursue export markets for good rather than frivolous reasons.<\/li>\n<li>Management commitment must be present for successful global operations.<\/li>\n<li>A business must decide on some kind of structure to handle its global side. It should be dedicated to ensuring that export sales are adequately serviced.<\/li>\n<li>Getting internal buy-in is critical.<\/li>\n<li>A business will need to select the best market(s) to enter. Although Canada, Japan, and Mexico are the largest markets for US products, these countries may not be the best markets for specific products or services.<\/li>\n<li>Tariffs and nontariff trade barriers can pose serious constraints.<\/li>\n<li>A business must decide how to enter a foreign market. For example, it can choose direct and indirect exporting, strategic alliances, JVs, and direct foreign investment.<\/li>\n<li>Being paid in full and on time is of obvious importance, especially considering the difficulties a business will encounter in collecting an unpaid international debt. The most secure method of payment is cash in advance. The least secure is an open account.<\/li>\n<li>Learning and understanding the business etiquette of the country or countries to which a business is exporting is a very important part of building business relationships.<\/li>\n<li>A carefully researched export plan is a source of direction, and it will help a business act on\u2014rather than react to\u2014the challenges and risks it will encounter in global business.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to the Coca-Cola website (<a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.coca-cola.com\/en\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.coca-cola.com\/en\/index.html<\/a>) and select one website from each of the following geographic areas: Latin America, Europe, Eurasia, Africa, and Asia Pacific. Compare the home pages of these sites to the US home page\u2014even though you will not understand the language (unless you are bilingual). Look at the graphics, layout, and uses of color. What are the similarities? What are the differences? To what would you attribute the differences? How would these similarities and differences inform the design of a small business website for conducting global business?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n<h1 class=\"title editable block\">The Three Threads<\/h1>\n<div class=\"learning_objectives editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_n01\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>Understand how to contribute to customer value in exporting activities.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how exporting can impact cash flow.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how technology and the e-environment impact exporting.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s01\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Customer Value Implications<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Always remember that customers make the decision about whether the appropriate value is present, and that value will always be as they perceive it. Carefully adapting a product to the targeted country for an exporting venture is an important first step in providing customer value. This means knowing about the sources of value in a product or a service and then acting on them. It can mean a minor product adaptation\u2014for example, serving beer in McDonald\u2019s in Germany or wine in McDonald\u2019s in France and Italy\u2014or a new twist on distribution\u2014for example, Procter &amp; Gamble selling shampoo in single-use tubes in newsstands in India. Although these are large-company examples, the experiences can be easily translated into small business exporting practice.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Another important source of customer value is the company website. Whether the website is the only selling platform of a business or is part of a brick-and-click exporting business, foreign buyers are much more likely to buy if a business\u2019s website is in their language. Although translation and country-specific sites can be a costly proposition, the text, graphics, and colors of the website can either enhance or detract from an exporting business. A small business owner should find out what organizational services and website designers can provide assistance. It may be possible to link the website to the <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.translate.google.com\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Google translation tool<\/a> to get a rough translation in seconds.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_145\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Anita Campbell, \u201cHow to Make Your Website Ready for International Business,\u201d Small Business Trends, October 29, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-175\" href=\"#footnote-171-175\" aria-label=\"Footnote 175\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[175]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Once a sale is made, do not make the mistake of thinking that it is the end of the relationship between the business and an overseas customer. Providing after-sale service must be an integral part of a company\u2019s export strategy from the very beginning.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_146\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Department of Commerce, A Basic Guide to Exporting, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 219.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-176\" href=\"#footnote-171-176\" aria-label=\"Footnote 176\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[176]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> This service should include regular thank-yous for their business; a plan for regular communication; and offering customers 24\/7 availability via some combination of fax, Twitter, e-mail alerts, a wiki, a Skype account, and telephone voicemail services where messages can be retrieved around the clock. This level of access will be of great value to foreign customers because it lets them know that you are reliable, dependable, ready to serve, and willing to minimize risk. It is this proper care and feeding of customers that will keep them coming back because the business provides value that makes it worth their while.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_147\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laurel Delaney, \u201cBuilding Global Bonds One Customer at a Time,\u201d Small Business Trends, June 27, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2008\/06\/global-customer-bonds.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-177\" href=\"#footnote-171-177\" aria-label=\"Footnote 177\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[177]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s01_p04\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">There is something else to consider as well. Research has shown that global online shoppers demand live customer service, with this service being more important than price.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_148\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cWebinar: Online Retail and the ROI of Live Help\u2014Why Global Online Shoppers Demand Live Customer Service,\u201d accessed February 7, 2012, www.retailcustomerexperience.com\/whitepapers\/2508\/Webinar-Online-Retail-and -the-ROI-of-Live-Help-Why-Global-Online-Shoppers-Demand-Live-Customer-Service\" id=\"return-footnote-171-178\" href=\"#footnote-171-178\" aria-label=\"Footnote 178\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[178]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> This has implications not only for how customer service is designed for the targeted country for exports but for buyers from other countries as well.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s02\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Cash-Flow Implications<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">A small business exporter will face the same cash-flow challenges that affect any small business, but being an exporter presents additional cash-flow challenges that are unique to selling products overseas. One of these challenges comes from the value-added tax (VAT) in Europe. Having the proper VAT registration can be key because all non\u2013European Union businesses must collect and remit the VAT on applicable transactions. A business is required to charge the VAT, and compliance requires periodic VAT filings, which means keeping VAT records on file and available for inspection by local tax authorities and anyone else who has reason and authority to inspect them. A failure to comply can result in significant penalties and cash-flow problems.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_149\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Denise O\u2019Berry, \u201cIs Now the Time to Expand to Global Markets?,\u201d AllBusiness.com, April 14, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-managements\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-179\" href=\"#footnote-171-179\" aria-label=\"Footnote 179\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[179]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-managements\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">Shipping costs pose another threat to cash flow. Shipping products overseas is very expensive, with the fees sometimes being as high as the cost of shipping the merchandise itself. Add to that the differences in currencies and taxes, and a business is faced with the possibility of having to pay all or most of the shipping costs up front. While waiting for customers to pay, paying these costs will have a negative impact on cash flow.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_150\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Anita Campbell, \u201cHow to Make Your Website Ready for International Business,\u201d Small Business Trends, October 29, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-180\" href=\"#footnote-171-180\" aria-label=\"Footnote 180\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[180]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Fortunately, there are cost-cutting approaches available. For example, Michael Katz, a small business owner who ships portfolio and art cases overseas, was able to reduce the extra expenses by negotiating a discount with UPS, cutting his shipping costs to 50 percent of the list rate.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_151\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Elise Craig, \u201cHow to Get Your Small Business into the Export Game,\u201d CBS Money Watch, March 3, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, www.cbsnews.com\/8301-505143_162-46540438\/how-to-get-your-small-business-into-the-export-game\" id=\"return-footnote-171-181\" href=\"#footnote-171-181\" aria-label=\"Footnote 181\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[181]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/8301-505143_162-46540438\/how-to-get-your-small-business-into-the-export-game\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03\">\n<h2 class=\"title editable block\">Implications of Technology and the E-Environment<\/h2>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Inexpensive technology and the Internet have made it possible for small businesses to operate internationally with some of the same efficiencies as larger companies.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_152\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Anita Campbell, \u201cPreparing Your Business to Go Global,\u201d Small Business Trends, November 19, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/11\/preparing-your-business-to-go-global.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-182\" href=\"#footnote-171-182\" aria-label=\"Footnote 182\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[182]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> The global reach of the Internet makes it cost-effective for small businesses to sell products and services overseas. Small businesses can broaden their presence internationally by adopting e-commerce and e-business practices that are user-friendly for non-English-speaking countries.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_153\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Department of Commerce, A Basic Guide to Exporting, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 219.\" id=\"return-footnote-171-183\" href=\"#footnote-171-183\" aria-label=\"Footnote 183\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[183]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p02\" class=\"para editable block no-indent\">The small business owner can also look to several other sources of assistance for global endeavors. Consider the following three examples:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_l01\" class=\"orderedlist editable block\">\n<li>The self-service advertising product developed by Facebook gives small businesses an opportunity to reach a global audience.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_154\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cSmall Business News: The Global View,\u201d Small Business Trends, January 18, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2011\/01\/small-business-news-the -global-view.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-184\" href=\"#footnote-171-184\" aria-label=\"Footnote 184\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[184]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Shipping management software packages will automatically figure the costs and the delivery times for overseas orders, giving a close estimate. They also convert the currency for the buyer. Integrating this software into the website of a small business will provide a seamless experience for the customer, making an important contribution to customer value.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_155\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Anita Campbell, \u201cHow to Make Your Website Ready for International Business,\u201d Small Business Trends, October 29, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html\" id=\"return-footnote-171-185\" href=\"#footnote-171-185\" aria-label=\"Footnote 185\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[185]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>The Internet and mobile devices lower information and communication costs, providing new channels of distribution and permitting 24\/7 global reach through Twitter, wikis, e-mail alerts, and <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.skype.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Skype<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"key_takeaways editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_n01\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>A small business can offer customer value in its global activities by carefully adapting its products to the targeted country, having a website that caters to the language and culture of the buyers, and providing excellent after-sale service.<\/li>\n<li>The small business faces potential cash-flow problems from the VAT and shipping costs.<\/li>\n<li>Inexpensive technology and the Internet have made it possible for small businesses to operate internationally with some of the same efficiencies as larger companies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"exercises editable block\" id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_n02\">\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_l03\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>How can mobile devices be used to help the exporting operations of a small business?<\/li>\n<li>How does the advertising product developed by Facebook work? How can it help increase the global reach of a small business? What are the costs for a small business?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Disaster Watch<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p03\" class=\"para\">Michael has been very successful with his exporting business. Instead of choosing Canada, Japan, or Mexico, the top three countries for small business exporting, he decided on Babalacala, a small country in the Middle East that has a history of political stability even though it has been ruled by one man for more than thirty-five years. The risk has been worth it so far. Michael identified the demand for his product, and he was right on target with his marketing research.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p04\" class=\"para\">Michael has a small manufacturing plant that employs 150 locals and 5 people from the United States. He has successfully adapted his product to the local cultural, legal, and economic environments. His prices and promotion strategy are good fits, and his distribution structure\u2014with some minor tweaking\u2014is proving to be very efficient and effective. Needless to say, Michael and his investors are very happy campers.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p05\" class=\"para\">But not for much longer.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p06\" class=\"para\">Michael awakened one morning to a large-scale revolt against the current governor of Babalacala. The streets of the capital city were filled with protestors. Things were peaceful at first, but violence erupted in the afternoon. Many of Michael\u2019s local workers left the factory to protest or because they were afraid. Telecommunications were out, transportation was spotty, and there was only intermittent power. Most of the local stores closed. The word on the street was that the protestors were in for the long haul. They planned to keep protesting until the current governor resigned or left the country.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s04_s03_p07\" class=\"para\">What should Michael do? He has a lot of money, time, and passion invested in his exporting business, and there are investors to think about. He does not want to leave Babalacala, but this is a serious situation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-171-1\">\u201cAbout Us,\u201d Center Rock Inc., accessed February 7, 2012, www.centerrock.com\/content\/about-us; e-mail correspondence with Brandon Fisher, July 28, 2011. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-2\">Paul Davidson, \u201cSmall Businesses Look Across Borders to Add Markets,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">USA Today<\/em>, April 12, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/money\/economy\/2011-04-06-small-businesses-go-international.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usatoday.com\/money\/economy\/2011-04-06-small-businesses-go-international.htm<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-3\">Rieva Lesonsky, \u201cIncreased Opportunities for Small-Business Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, June 27, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/06\/opportunities-small-business-exports.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/06\/opportunities-small-business -exports.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-4\">\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-5\">\u201cProfile of U.S. Importing and Exporting Companies, 2008\u20132009 Highlights,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Census Bureau<\/em>, April 12, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.census.gov\/foreign-trade\/Press-Release\/edb\/2009\/2009Highlights.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.census.gov\/foreign-trade\/Press-Release\/edb\/2009\/2009Highlights.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-6\">\u201cProfile of U.S. Importing and Exporting Companies, 2008\u20132009 Highlights,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Census Bureau<\/em>, April 12, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.census.gov\/foreign-trade\/Press-Release\/edb\/2009\/2009Highlights.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.census.gov\/foreign-trade\/Press-Release\/edb\/2009\/2009Highlights.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-7\">Breaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-7\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-8\">US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), i. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-8\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 8\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-9\">\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US International Trade Commission<\/em>, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-9\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 9\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-10\">\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US International Trade Commission<\/em>, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-10\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 10\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-11\">\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US International Trade Commission<\/em>, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-11\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 11\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-12\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 312. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-12\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 12\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-13\">William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, and Jack R. Kapoor, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business<\/em> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 94. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-13\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 13\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-14\">Anita Campbell, \u201cThe Trend of the Micro-Multinationals,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, February 20, 2007, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2007\/02\/the-trend-of-the-micro-multinationals.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2007\/02\/the-trend-of-the-micro-multinationals.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-14\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 14\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-15\">Bernard Lunn, \u201cIntroducing the Tales of Micro-Nationals,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, July 7, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/introducing-the-tales-of-micro-multinationals.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/introducing-the-tales-of-micro-multinationals.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-15\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 15\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-16\">Bernard Lunn, \u201cIntroducing the Tales of Micro-Nationals,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, July 7, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/introducing-the-tales-of-micro-multinationals.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/introducing -the-tales-of-micro-multinationals.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-16\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 16\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-17\">Anita Campbell, \u201cPreparing Your Business to Go Global,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, November 19, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/11\/preparing-your-business-to-go-global.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/11\/preparing-your-business-to-go-global.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-17\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 17\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-18\"><\/span><span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_016\">Bernard Lunn, \u201cTales of Micro-Multinationals: Generation Alliance,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, July 7, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/tales-of-micro-multinationals-generation-alliance.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/tales-of-micro-multinationals-generation-alliance.html<\/a>[\/<span class=\"footnote\">footnote]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"cadden_1.0-ch15_s01_s02_p04\" class=\"para no-indent\"><a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jadience.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jadience<\/a> sells a line of health and skincare products that has its roots in traditional oriental medicine. Their physical products are sent to customers, mostly spas, in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_017\">[footnote]Bernard Lunn, \u201cTales of Micro-Multinationals: Jadience,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, July 15, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/tales-of-micro-multinationals-jadience.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/tales -of-micro-multinationals-jadience.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-18\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 18\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-19\">Bernard Lunn, \u201cTales of Micro-Multinationals: Worketc,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, July 21, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/micro-multinationals-worketc.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/07\/micro -multinationals-worketc.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-19\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 19\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-20\">\u201cThe Why of What We\u2019re About,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Worketc<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worketc.com\/about_us\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.worketc.com\/about_us<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-20\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 20\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-21\">\u201cBenefits of Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Export.gov<\/em>, March 31, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/export.gov\/about\/eg_main_016807.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">export.gov\/about\/eg_main_016807.asp<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-21\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 21\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-22\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding -your-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-22\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 22\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-23\">Steve Strauss, \u201cGlobalization Is Good for (Small) Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">USA Today<\/em>, May 17, 2004, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/money\/smallbusiness\/columnist\/strauss\/2004-05-17-globalization_x.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usatoday.com\/money\/smallbusiness\/columnist\/strauss\/2004-05-17-globalization_x.htm<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-23\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 23\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-24\">\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-24\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 24\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-25\">\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-25\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 25\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-26\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-26\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 26\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-27\">Strategic Name Development, Inc., \u201cGlobal Linguistic Analysis\u201d (2011), accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.namedevelopment.com\/global-linguistic-analysis.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.namedevelopment.com\/global-linguistic-analysis.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-27\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 27\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-28\">\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-28\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 28\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-29\">\u201cGlobal Marketing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">SmallBusiness.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Global_marketing\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Global_marketing<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-29\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 29\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-30\">Rieva Lesonsky, \u201cIncreased Opportunities for Small-Business Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, June 27, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/06\/opportunities-small-business-exports.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/06\/opportunities-small-business-exports.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-30\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 30\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-31\">\u201c2010 Small Business Exporting Survey,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">NSBA and SBEA<\/em>, March 11, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nsba.biz\/docs\/2010_small_business_exporting_survey_001.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.nsba.biz\/docs\/2010_small_business_exporting_survey _001.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-31\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 31\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-32\">\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_026\">Kevin Morris, \u201cSmall Business Owner Takes His Green Energy Business Global,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">AllBusiness.com<\/em>, April 22, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allbusiness.com\/small-green-energy-business\/15572754-1.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.allbusiness.com\/small-green-energy-business\/15572754-1.html<\/a><\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-32\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 32\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-33\">\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-33\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 33\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-34\">\u201cBreaking into the Trade Game: A Small Business Guide to Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, 2005, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archive.sba.gov\/idc\/groups\/public\/documents\/sba_homepage\/serv_entire.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-34\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 34\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-35\">Shannon Coursey, \u201cHas Your Small Business Taken Big Steps to Grow Globally?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">UPS Upside<\/em>, January 10, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.ups.com\/2011\/01\/10\/has-your-small-business-taken-big-steps-to-grow-globally\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">blog.ups.com\/2011\/01\/10\/has-your-small-business-taken-big-steps-to-grow-globally\/<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-35\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 35\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-36\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cAnd the Winner for the Growth through Global Trade Award Goes To\u2026,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 24, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/and-winner-for-growth-through-global.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/and-winner-for-growth-through-global.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-36\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 36\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-37\">interview with Michelle Wickum, director of marketing, SteelMaster Buildings, January 5, 2012 <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-37\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 37\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-38\">SteelMaster company materials provided by Michelle Wickum, Director of Marketing, January 5, 2012. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-38\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 38\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-39\">Adapted from David L. Kurtz, <em class=\"emphasis\">Contemporary Business<\/em> (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 121. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-39\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 39\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-40\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-40\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 40\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-41\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-41\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 41\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-42\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cDirect Exporting: Advantages and Disadvantages to Direct Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">About.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/importexport.about.com\/od\/DevelopingSalesAndDistribution\/a\/Direct-Exporting-Advantages-And-Disadvantages-To-Direct-Exporting.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">importexport.about.com\/od\/DevelopingSalesAndDistribution\/a\/Direct-Exporting-Advantages-And -Disadvantages-To-Direct-Exporting.htm<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-42\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 42\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-43\">\u201cThe Advantages of Direct Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">vcShipping.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.vcshipping.com\/export\/the-advantages-of-direct-exporting.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.vcshipping.com\/export\/the-advantages-of-direct-exporting.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-43\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 43\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-44\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cDirect Exporting: Advantages and Disadvantages to Direct Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">About.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/importexport.about.com\/od\/DevelopingSalesAndDistribution\/a\/Direct-Exporting-Advantages-And-Disadvantages-To-Direct-Exporting.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/importexport.about.com\/od\/DevelopingSalesAndDistribution\/a\/Direct-Exporting-Advantages-And-Disadvantages-To-Direct-Exporting.htm<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-44\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 44\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-45\">Team Canada Inc., \u201c10 Steps to Successful Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">About.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-45\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 45\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-46\">CBS Investment, \u201cAdvantages and Disadvantages of Direct and Indirect Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">CBS Investment<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsinvestment.com\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-direct-and-indirect-exports\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.cbsinvestment.com\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-direct-and-indirect-exports\/<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-46\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 46\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-47\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-47\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 47\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-48\">Laurel Delaney, <em class=\"emphasis\">Start and Run a Profitable Exporting Business<\/em> (Vancouver, BC: Self-Counsel Press, 1998): chapter 8. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-48\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 48\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-49\">CBS Investment, \u201cAdvantages and Disadvantages of Direct and Indirect Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">CBS Investment<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsinvestment.com\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-direct-and-indirect-exports\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.cbsinvestment.com\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-direct-and-indirect-exports\/<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-49\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 49\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-50\">Laurel Delaney, <em class=\"emphasis\">Start and Run a Profitable Exporting Business<\/em> (Vancouver, BC: Self-Counsel Press, 1998), chapter 8. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-50\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 50\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-51\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-51\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 51\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-52\">\u201c6 Steps to Begin Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/6-steps-begin-exporting\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.sba.gov\/content\/6-steps-begin-exporting<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-52\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 52\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-53\">Tricia Phillips, \u201cBiz Bureau Gives Top Tips on Going Global with Your Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Mirror<\/em>, January 26, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mirror.co.uk\/advice\/money\/2011\/01\/26\/biz-bureau-gives-top-tips-on-going-global-with-your-business-115875-22875517\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.mirror.co.uk\/advice\/money\/2011\/01\/26\/biz-bureau-gives-top-tips-on-going-global-with-your-business-115875 -22875517<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-53\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 53\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-54\">\u201cA Small Business Guide to Exporting: Part 1\u2014Getting Started,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">AllBusiness.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allbusiness.com\/economy-economic-indicators\/money-currencies\/11790828-1.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.allbusiness.com\/economy-economic-indicators\/money-currencies\/11790828-1.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-54\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 54\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-55\">\u201cTrade Data and Analysis,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Export.gov<\/em>, March 3, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/export.gov\/tradedata\/index.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">export.gov\/tradedata\/index.asp<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-55\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 55\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-56\">\u201cSession 11: Global Expansion,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">My Own Business<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-56\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 56\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-57\">\u201cSession 11: Global Expansion,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">My Own Business<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-57\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 57\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-58\">\u201cSession 11: Global Expansion,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">My Own Business<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-58\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 58\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-59\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-59\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 59\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-60\">\u201cSession 11: Global Expansion,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">My Own Business<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.myownbusiness.org\/global_expansion\/index.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-60\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 60\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-61\"><span class=\"footnote\">\u201cIs Your Small Business Ready to Go Global?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business CEO<\/em>, February 7, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.smbceo.com\/2011\/02\/07\/global-business-2\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.smbceo.com\/2011\/02\/07\/global-business-2<\/a><\/span>\u00a0 <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-61\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 61\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-62\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-62\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 62\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-63\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-63\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 63\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-64\">\u201cStarting an Export Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Gaebler.com<\/em>, May 19, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gaebler.com\/Starting-an-Export-Business.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.gaebler.com\/Starting-an-Export-Business.htm<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-64\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 64\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-65\">William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, and Jack R. Kapoor, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business<\/em> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 96 <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-65\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 65\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-66\">\u201cIs Your Small Business Ready to Go Global?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business CEO<\/em>, February 7, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.smbceo.com\/2011\/02\/07\/global-business-2\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.smbceo.com\/2011\/02\/07\/global-business-2<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-66\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 66\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-67\"><\/span><span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_049\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-67\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 67\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-68\">Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Management<\/em> (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009), 13. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-68\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 68\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-69\">Jennifer LeClaire, \u201cHow to Take Your Small Business Global,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">E-Commerce Times<\/em>, June 20, 2006, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ecommercetimes.com\/story\/50910.html%20?wlc=1305842348\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.ecommercetimes.com\/story\/50910.html%20?wlc=1305842348<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-69\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 69\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-70\"><span class=\"footnote\">Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Management<\/em> (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009), 611.<\/span>  <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-70\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 70\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-71\">John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 49. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-71\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 71\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-72\">\u201cAll About Global Marketing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">BusinessKnowledgeSource.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.businessknowledgesource.com\/marketing\/all_about_global_marketing_032164.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.businessknowledgesource.com\/marketing\/all_about_global_marketing _032164.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-72\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 72\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-73\">Arundhati Parmar, \u201cDependent Variables: Sound Global Strategies Rely on Certain Factors,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing News<\/em>, September 2002, 2. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-73\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 73\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-74\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 341, 351, 353 <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-74\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 74\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-75\">\u201cGlobal Linguistic Analysis,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Strategic Name Development<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.namedevelopment.com\/global-linguistic-analysis.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.namedevelopment.com\/global-linguistic -analysis.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-75\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 75\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-76\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 341. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-76\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 76\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-77\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-77\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 77\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-78\">C. K. Prahalad, <em class=\"emphasis\">The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid<\/em> (Philadelphia: Wharton School Publishing, 2005), as cited in Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-78\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 78\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-79\">David L. Kurtz, <em class=\"emphasis\">Contemporary Business<\/em> (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 109. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-79\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 79\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-80\">David L. Kurtz, <em class=\"emphasis\">Contemporary Business<\/em> (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 109. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-80\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 80\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-81\"><span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_062\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343.<\/span>  <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-81\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 81\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-82\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-82\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 82\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-83\"><span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_064\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 343.<\/span>  <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-83\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 83\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-84\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 352. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-84\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 84\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-85\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 352\u201353. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-85\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 85\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-86\">Ryan Underwood, \u201cCreating a Smart Export Strategy,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Inc<\/em>., May 3, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/magazine\/20110501\/author-pankaj-ghemawat-on-global-expansion-for-small-exporters.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/magazine\/20110501\/author-pankaj-ghemawat -on-global-expansion-for-small-exporters.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-86\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 86\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-87\">\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US International Trade Commission<\/em>, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-87\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 87\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-88\">Anita Campbell, \u201cHow to Make Your Website Ready for International Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, October 29, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-88\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 88\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-89\">Paul Demery, \u201cAnchors Aweigh,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Internet Retailer<\/em>, January 31, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.internetretailer.com\/2008\/01\/31\/anchors-aweigh\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.internetretailer.com\/2008\/01\/31\/anchors-aweigh<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-89\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 89\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-90\">\u201cTranslation Problems in Global Marketing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">My Opera<\/em>, November 14, 2006, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/my.opera.com\/kitkreuger\/blog\/2006\/11\/14\/translation-problems-in-global-marketing\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">my.opera.com\/kitkreuger\/blog\/2006\/11\/14\/translation -problems-in-global-marketing<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-90\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 90\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-91\">\u201cTranslation Problems in Global Marketing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">My Opera<\/em>, November 14, 2006, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/my.opera.com\/kitkreuger\/blog\/2006\/11\/14\/translation-problems-in-global-marketing\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">my.opera.com\/kitkreuger\/blog\/2006\/11\/14\/translation -problems-in-global-marketing<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-91\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 91\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-92\">Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Management<\/em> (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009), 613. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-92\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 92\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-93\">John Freivalds, \u201cWhat\u2019s in a Name?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Business Library<\/em>, April 1996, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/findarticles.com\/p\/articles\/mi_m4422\/is_n4_v13\/ai_18512264\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">findarticles.com\/p\/articles\/mi_m4422\/is_n4_v13\/ai_18512264<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-93\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 93\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-94\">Jeffrey Gangemi, \u201cAvoiding Faux Pas When Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Bloomberg BusinessWeek<\/em>, June 27, 2007, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.BusinessWeek.com\/smallbiz\/content\/jun2007\/sb20070627_897013.htm?campaign_id=rss_smlbz\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.BusinessWeek.com\/smallbiz\/content\/jun2007\/sb20070627_897013.htm?campaign_id=rss_smlbz<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-94\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 94\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-95\">\u201cThe International Marketing Mix,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Learn Marketing<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-95\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 95\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-96\">John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 40 <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-96\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 96\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-97\">Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Management<\/em> (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009), 616. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-97\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 97\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-98\">Eric Mitchell, \u201cThe Pricing Advisor,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Pricing Advisor Newsletter<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/members.pricingsociety.com\/articles\/Pricing-for-Global-Markets.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">members.pricingsociety.com\/articles\/Pricing-for-Global-Markets.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-98\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 98\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-99\">\u201cThe International Marketing Mix,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Learn Marketing<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-99\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 99\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-100\"><span class=\"footnote\">John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 50.<\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-100\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 100\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-101\"><span class=\"footnote\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 396.<\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-101\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 101\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-102\">John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 50. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-102\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 102\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-103\">\u201cThe International Marketing Mix,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Learn Marketing<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-103\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 103\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-104\">\u201cThe International Marketing Mix,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Learn Marketing<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.learnmarketing.net\/internationalmarketingmix.htm<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-104\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 104\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-105\"><span class=\"footnote\">Ryan Underwood, \u201cCreating a Smart Export Strategy,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Inc.<\/em>, May 3, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/magazine\/20110501\/author-pankaj-ghemawat-on-global-expansion-for-small-exporters.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.inc.com\/magazine\/20110501\/author-pankaj-ghemawat -on-global-expansion-for-small-exporters.html<\/a><\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-105\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 105\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-106\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cGlobal Guru: Shaking Things Up. Making Things Happen,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Change This<\/em>, October 2004, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/changethis.com\/manifesto\/6.03.GlobalGuru\/pdf\/6.03.GlobalGuru.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">changethis.com\/manifesto\/6.03.GlobalGuru\/pdf\/6.03.GlobalGuru.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-106\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 106\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-107\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 396. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-107\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 107\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-108\">.<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_089\">John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 50<\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-108\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 108\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-109\">\u201cGlobal Marketing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">SmallBusiness.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Global_marketing\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Global_marketing<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-109\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 109\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-110\"><span class=\"footnote\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 468.<\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-110\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 110\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-111\"><span class=\"footnote\">Marian Katz, \u201cNo Women, No Alcohol; Learn Saudi Taboos before Placing Ads,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Abstracts, Business International<\/em>, 1986, accessed June 1, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.faqs.org\/abstracts\/Business-international\/No-women-no-alcohol-learn-Saudi-taboos-before-placing-ads.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.faqs.org\/abstracts \/Business-international\/No-women-no-alcohol-learn-Saudi-taboos-before-placing-ads.html<\/a><\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-111\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 111\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-112\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 473. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-112\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 112\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-113\">Emily Bryson York, \u201cBurger King\u2019s MO: Offend, Earn Media, Apologize, Repeat,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Ad Age Global<\/em>, July 8, 2009, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/adage.com\/article\/global-news\/advertising-burger-king-draws-ire-hindus-ad\/137801\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">adage.com\/article\/global-news\/advertising-burger-king-draws-ire-hindus-ad\/137801<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-113\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 113\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-114\">Shaun Rein, \u201cLearn from Burger King\u2019s Advertising Fiasco,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Forbes<\/em>, April 20, 2009, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/2009\/04\/20\/advertising-global-mistakes-leadership-managing-marketing.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.forbes.com\/2009\/04\/20\/advertising-global-mistakes -leadership-managing-marketing.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-114\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 114\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-115\">Shaun Rein, \u201cLearn from Burger King\u2019s Advertising Fiasco,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Forbes<\/em>, April 20, 2009, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/2009\/04\/20\/advertising-global-mistakes-leadership-managing-marketing.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.forbes.com\/2009\/04\/20\/advertising-global-mistakes -leadership-managing-marketing.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-115\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 115\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-116\">John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 50. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-116\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 116\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-117\">Susan Gunelius, \u201cBuilding Your Brand with Social Media,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Reuters<\/em>, January 4, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2011\/01\/05\/idUS16245956220110105\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.reuters.com\/article\/2011\/01\/05\/idUS16245956220110105<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-117\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 117\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-118\">Adapted from Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 479. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-118\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 118\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-119\">\u201cSmall Business Globalization: Should You Pursue Global Markets?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">more-for-small business.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.more-for-small-business.com\/small-business-globalization-should-you-pursue-global-markets.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.more-for-small-business.com\/small-business-globalization-should-you-pursue-global-markets.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-119\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 119\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-120\">Paul Demery, \u201cAnchors Aweigh,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Internet Retailer<\/em>, January 31, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.internetretailer.com\/2008\/01\/31\/anchors-aweigh\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.internetretailer.com\/2008\/01\/31\/anchors-aweigh<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-120\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 120\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-121\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 203. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-121\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 121\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-122\">Joshua Ritchie, \u201cThe 5 Most Bizarre Tax Deductions around the World,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Mint Software Inc.<\/em>, December 15, 2009, accessed June 1, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mint.com\/blog\/trends\/the-5-most-bizarre-tax-deductions-around-the-world\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.mint.com\/blog\/trends\/the-5-most-bizarre-tax-deductions-around-the-world\/<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-122\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 122\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-123\">\u201cExporting\/Importing Specific Products,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/exportingimporting-specific-products\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.sba.gov\/content\/exportingimporting-specific-products<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-123\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 123\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-124\">\u201cFor Entrepreneurs: Starting an Export Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Gaebler.com<\/em>, May 19, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gaebler.com\/Starting-an-Export-Business.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.gaebler.com\/Starting-an-Export-Business.htm<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-124\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 124\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-125\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 193. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-125\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 125\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-126\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 158. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-126\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 126\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-127\"><span class=\"footnote\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 158.<\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-127\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 127\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-128\"><span class=\"footnote\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 159-165.<\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-128\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 128\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-129\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 166. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-129\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 129\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-130\">J<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_110\">ohn M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 39.<\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-130\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 130\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-131\"><span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_111\">\u201cEuro,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">X-rates.com<\/em>, accessed March 5, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.x-rates.com\/d\/EUR\/table.html;%20X-rates.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.x-rates.com\/d\/EUR\/table.html;%20X-rates.com<\/a><\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-131\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 131\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-132\">\u201cIndian Rupee,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">X-Rates<\/em>, accessed March 5, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.x-rates.com\/d\/INR\/table.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.x-rates.com\/d\/INR\/table.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-132\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 132\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-133\">John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 39. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-133\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 133\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-134\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 537 <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-134\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 134\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-135\">David L. Kurtz, <em class=\"emphasis\">Contemporary Business<\/em> (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 113. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-135\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 135\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-136\"><span class=\"footnote\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 538.<\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-136\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 136\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-137\">US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 193\u201394. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-137\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 137\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-138\">\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in U.S. Exports,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US International Trade Commission<\/em>, January 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.usitc.gov\/publications\/332\/pub4125.pdf<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-138\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 138\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-139\">\u201c6 Steps to Begin Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/6-steps-begin-exporting\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.sba.gov\/content\/6-steps-begin-exporting<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-139\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 139\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-140\">\u201cExport Financing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">US Small Business Administration<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/export-financing-0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.sba.gov\/content\/export-financing-0<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-140\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 140\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-141\">US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 194, 197 <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-141\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 141\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-142\">\u201cMore Small Businesses Seek Export Financing,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Wall Street Journal<\/em>, May 20, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.wsj.com\/in-charge\/2011\/05\/20\/more-small-businesses-seek-export-financing\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/blogs.wsj.com\/in-charge\/2011\/05\/20\/more-small-businesses-seek-export-financing<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-142\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 142\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-143\"><span class=\"footnote\">Adapted from Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 367.<\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-143\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 143\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-144\">David L. Kurtz, <em class=\"emphasis\">Contemporary Business<\/em> (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011), 133. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-144\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 144\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-145\"><\/span><span class=\"footnote\">\u201cManagement Issues Involved in the Export Decision,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Export.gov<\/em>, March 31, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-145\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 145\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-146\">\u201cManagement Issues Involved in the Export Decision,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Export.gov<\/em>, March 31, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-146\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 146\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-147\">Tricia Phillips, \u201cBiz Bureau Gives Top Tips on Going Global with Your Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Mirror<\/em>, January 26, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mirror.co.uk\/advice\/money\/2011\/01\/26\/biz-bureau-gives-top-tips-on-going-global-with-your-business-115875-22875517\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.mirror.co.uk\/advice\/money\/2011\/01\/26\/biz-bureau-gives-top-tips-on-going-global-with-your-business-115875 -22875517<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-147\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 147\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-148\">Denise O\u2019Berry, \u201cIs Now the Time to Expand to Global Markets?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">AllBusiness.com<\/em>, April 14, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-management\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-management\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-148\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 148\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-149\">Anita Campbell, \u201cSmaller and Younger Companies Get Overseas Presence,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, December 7, 2007, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2007\/12\/smaller-and-younger-companies-get-overseas-presence.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2007\/12\/smaller-and-younger-companies-get-overseas-presence.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-149\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 149\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-150\"><span class=\"footnote\">\u201c<\/span><span class=\"footnote\">Management Issues Involved in the Export Decision,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Export.gov<\/em>, March 31, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">export.gov\/exportbasics\/eg_main_017455.asp<\/a><\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-150\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 150\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-151\"><span class=\"footnote\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a><\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-151\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 151\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-152\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-152\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 152\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-153\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-153\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 153\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-154\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 40. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-154\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 154\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-155\">\u201cExporting Basics,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">SmallBusiness.com<\/em>, February 6, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Exporting_basics\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbusiness.com\/wiki\/Exporting_basics<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-155\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 155\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-156\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 329 <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-156\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 156\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-157\">William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, and Jack R. Kapoor, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business<\/em> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 93 <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-157\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 157\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-158\">\u201cJoint Ventures and Strategic Alliances,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Fukuda Law Firm<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-158\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 158\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-159\">John M. Ivancevich and Thomas N. Duening, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business: Principles, Guidelines, and Practices<\/em> (Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007), 47. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-159\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 159\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-160\"><span class=\"footnote\">William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, and Jack R. Kapoor, <em class=\"emphasis\">Business<\/em> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 93.<\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-160\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 160\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-161\">\u201cJoint Ventures and Strategic Alliances,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Fukuda Law Firm<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-161\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 161\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-162\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 327. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-162\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 162\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-163\">\u201d<span class=\"footnote\" id=\"cadden_1.0-fn15_134\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cGlobal Guru: Shaking Things Up. Making Things Happen,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Change This<\/em>, October 19, 2004, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/changethis.com\/manifesto\/6.03.GlobalGuru\/pdf\/6.03.GlobalGuru.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">changethis.com\/manifesto\/6.03.GlobalGuru\/pdf\/6.03.GlobalGuru.pdf<\/a><\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-163\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 163\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-164\">Philip R. Cateora and John L. Graham, <em class=\"emphasis\">International Marketing<\/em> (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2007), 332. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-164\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 164\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-165\"><span class=\"footnote\">US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 177.<\/span> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-165\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 165\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-166\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-166\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 166\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-167\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cA How-To on Expanding Your Business Globally,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">The Global Small Business Blog<\/em>, January 11, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">borderbuster.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/how-to-on-expanding-your-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-167\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 167\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-168\">US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 178\u201380, 182\u201383. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-168\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 168\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-169\">US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 184. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-169\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 169\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-170\">US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 211. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-170\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 170\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-171\">\u201c10 Steps to Successful Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">About.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-171\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 171\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-172\">\u201c10 Steps to Successful Exporting,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">About.com<\/em>, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/canadaexport\/a\/10exportsteps.htm<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-172\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 172\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-173\">US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 18. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-173\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 173\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-174\">US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 18. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-174\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 174\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-175\">Anita Campbell, \u201cHow to Make Your Website Ready for International Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, October 29, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-175\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 175\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-176\">US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 219. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-176\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 176\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-177\">Laurel Delaney, \u201cBuilding Global Bonds One Customer at a Time,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, June 27, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2008\/06\/global-customer-bonds.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2008\/06\/global-customer-bonds.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-177\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 177\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-178\">\u201cWebinar: Online Retail and the ROI of Live Help\u2014Why Global Online Shoppers Demand Live Customer Service,\u201d accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.retailcustomerexperience.com\/whitepapers\/2508\/Webinar-Online-Retail-and-the-ROI-of-Live-Help-Why-Global-Online-Shoppers-Demand-Live-Customer-Service\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.retailcustomerexperience.com\/whitepapers\/2508\/Webinar-Online-Retail-and -the-ROI-of-Live-Help-Why-Global-Online-Shoppers-Demand-Live-Customer-Service<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-178\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 178\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-179\">Denise O\u2019Berry, \u201cIs Now the Time to Expand to Global Markets?,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">AllBusiness.com<\/em>, April 14, 2008, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-managements\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.allbusiness.com\/company-activities-managements\/company-strategy\/8518731-1.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-179\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 179\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-180\">Anita Campbell, \u201cHow to Make Your Website Ready for International Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, October 29, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-180\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 180\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-181\">Elise Craig, \u201cHow to Get Your Small Business into the Export Game,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">CBS Money Watch<\/em>, March 3, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/8301-505143_162-46540438\/how-to-get-your-small-business-into-the-export-game\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.cbsnews.com\/8301-505143_162-46540438\/how-to-get-your-small-business-into-the-export-game<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-181\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 181\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-182\">Anita Campbell, \u201cPreparing Your Business to Go Global,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, November 19, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/11\/preparing-your-business-to-go-global.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/11\/preparing-your-business-to-go-global.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-182\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 182\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-183\">US Department of Commerce, <em class=\"emphasis\">A Basic Guide to Exporting<\/em>, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: International Trade Association, 2008), 219. <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-183\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 183\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-184\">\u201cSmall Business News: The Global View,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, January 18, 2011, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2011\/01\/small-business-news-the-global-view.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2011\/01\/small-business-news-the -global-view.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-184\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 184\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-171-185\">Anita Campbell, \u201cHow to Make Your Website Ready for International Business,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Small Business Trends<\/em>, October 29, 2010, accessed February 7, 2012, <a class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smallbiztrends.com\/2010\/10\/website-ready-international-business.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-171-185\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 185\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_171_1206\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1206\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>a\u00a0branch or a subsidiary of the parent company established outside the national boundaries of the parent company\u2019s home market.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_171_1207\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1207\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>a\u00a0company that operates on a worldwide scale without ties to any specific nation or region and organized under the laws of its own country.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_171_1209\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1209\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>tiny companies that operate globally, having a presence and people in multiple countries.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_171_1211\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1211\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>exporting directly to a customer who is interested in buying a product.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_171_1212\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1212\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>entering into an agreement with an agent, a distributor, or a traditional exporting house for the purpose of selling (or marketing and selling) the products in the target market.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_171_1213\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1213\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The set of benefits offered to customers to satisfy their needs and wants consisting of some combination of products, services, information, and experiences.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_171_1214\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1214\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>features that have little to do with the primary function of a product but add value to customer satisfaction.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_171_1216\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1216\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The physical handling and distribution of goods, the passage of ownership or title, and the buying and selling negotiations between producers and middlemen and middlemen and customers.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_171_1217\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1217\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the rate at which one country\u2019s currency can be exchanged for the currency of another country.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_171_1192\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1192\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>taxes on imports<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_171_1218\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1218\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Laws or regulations enacted by a country to protect its domestic industries against foreign competition.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_171_1219\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1219\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A partnership with a foreign firm formed to achieve a specific goal or operate for a specific period of time.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_171_1184\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1184\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>an agreement between two companies to pool talent and resources to achieve business goals that benefit both partners.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_171_1220\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_171_1220\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Investment in a foreign country.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":30,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Going Global","pb_subtitle":"Going Global","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[54],"class_list":["post-171","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":420,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/171","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/30"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/171\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1558,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/171\/revisions\/1558"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/420"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/171\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=171"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=171"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=171"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/smallbusinessmanagement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=171"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}