{"id":575,"date":"2022-02-11T12:52:12","date_gmt":"2022-02-11T17:52:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=575"},"modified":"2022-02-17T10:43:20","modified_gmt":"2022-02-17T15:43:20","slug":"part-iii-a-opening-and-symbolizing-vector-data","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/chapter\/part-iii-a-opening-and-symbolizing-vector-data\/","title":{"raw":"Part III A: Opening and Symbolizing Vector Data","rendered":"Part III A: Opening and Symbolizing Vector Data"},"content":{"raw":"Vectors are points, lines, and polygons representing data. Vectors can represent borders, roads, and towns along with many other types of data. The key characteristic of GIS is that it assigns geographic coordinates to pieces of vector data. By contrast, a graphics software program can also create points, lines, and polygons, but it will not assign them a geographic location.\r\n\r\nAll of the data that we just downloaded is vector data. See Chapter 4: Digitization for instructions on how to create your own points, lines, and polygons.\r\n<h1>The PEI Coastline Layer<\/h1>\r\n<h2>Adding the Layer<\/h2>\r\nLet\u2019s start by adding PEI\u2019s coastline to our base map.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>On the left-hand side of your screen, in the Browser, navigate to the Chapter1 folder that we created earlier.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Tip:<\/strong> once you have navigated to this folder, right-click it and click Add as Favourite. From now on, you can access it from the Favourites menu.<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_543\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"470\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.35.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.35. In the browser screen, right clicking on the chapter and add as a favourite\" width=\"470\" height=\"366\" class=\"wp-image-543 size-full\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.35<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_544\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"472\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.36.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.36. In browser the favourites tab will show all the favourited sections\" width=\"472\" height=\"252\" class=\"size-full wp-image-544\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.36<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Within the Chapter1 folder, navigate to the Data folder.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Expand the folder called coastline.SHP.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The .shp file extension indicates that it is a shapefile.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Right-click the layer called coastline_polygon.shp and click Add Layer to Project.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_545\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"891\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.37.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.37. Right clicking on section data, coastline.SHP, coastline_polygon opens the option to \u201cadd layer to project\u201d(the third option down). \" width=\"891\" height=\"550\" class=\"wp-image-545 size-full\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.37<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>You will now see the coastline_polygon layer in your Layers table of contents.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_546\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"470\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.38.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.38. After adding the layer to the project it can be seen in the layers panel.\" width=\"470\" height=\"602\" class=\"size-full wp-image-546\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.38<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nYour map will look similar to this now. The coastline file has a fill layer by default, and we can remove this in order to see our base map with the highlighted coastline.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_547\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.39.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.39. This shows a highlighted coastline.\" width=\"977\" height=\"602\" class=\"size-full wp-image-547\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.39<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Symbolizing the Layer<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Right-click on the coastline_polygon layer and click Properties.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click Symbology.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_548\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"622\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.40.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.40. After right clicking on the coastline_polygon layer properties is selected.\" width=\"622\" height=\"733\" class=\"size-full wp-image-548\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.40<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Under Fill, click to select Simple Fill.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_549\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.41.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.41. The screen to allow the fill colour to be changed. \" width=\"977\" height=\"899\" class=\"size-full wp-image-549\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.41<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Click Fill style, and select No Brush option. Then click OK.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_550\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.42.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.42. After choosing the fill colour the fill style can be dictated through a drop down menu.\" width=\"977\" height=\"899\" class=\"size-full wp-image-550\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.42<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nYour map will look something like this now.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_551\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.43.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.43. The finalized re-evaluated map based off selections.\" width=\"977\" height=\"631\" class=\"size-full wp-image-551\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.43<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<h2>The PEI Hydronetwork Layer<\/h2>\r\nRepeat the above steps to add and symbolize the \u201cPEI HYDRONETWORK.shp\u201d layer.\r\n\r\nOnce added, your layers will look like this.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_552\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"466\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.44.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.44. The layer panel with an added PEI HYDRONETWORK added.\" width=\"466\" height=\"260\" class=\"size-full wp-image-552\" \/> Figure 1.44[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAnd your map will now look something like this.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_553\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.45.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.45. The map with the PEI HYDRONETWORK.\" width=\"977\" height=\"650\" class=\"size-full wp-image-553\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.45<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Further Symbolizing the Layer<\/h2>\r\nWe want the hydro layer to stand out, so we will change its line colour to blue.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Right-click the PEI HYDRONETWORK layer, and click Properties.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click Symbology.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_554\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"525\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.46.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.46. In the layers panel right clicking and select properties to change the line colour (to blue) to make the layer more prominent.\" width=\"525\" height=\"745\" class=\"size-full wp-image-554\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.46<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Click to select Simple Line.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click Colour and set it to blue. You can use the sliders to change the colour or set an HTML notation for colour in Hexadecimal.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click OK.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_555\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.47.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.47. The colour changing options for the PEI HYDRONETWORK lines. \" width=\"977\" height=\"902\" class=\"size-full wp-image-555\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.47<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nYour map will now look something like this.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_556\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.48.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.48. The map with the blue PEI HYDRONETWORK lines.\" width=\"977\" height=\"643\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.48<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<h1>The 1935 Forestry Layer<\/h1>\r\n<h2>Adding the Layer<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Use the Browser to add \u201c1935 inventory_region.shp\u201d to your layers.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_557\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.49.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.49. Through the browser added \u201c1935 inventory_region.shp\u201d onto the map. \" width=\"977\" height=\"491\" class=\"size-full wp-image-557\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.49<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<h1>Viewing an Attribute Table<\/h1>\r\nYour map will now reflect all four layers. However, the 1935 inventory_region layer is dense and covers the entire island. As mentioned at the start of this section, vectors are made of data. In our case, the data that we are concerned with is the way that the land was used. Canadian censuses recorded this data for many decades. But the important thing about GIS is that it can take this quantitative data and map it as vectors. If we want either to see or edit the data behind the vectors, we can do so by clicking Open Attribute Table.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Right-click on the 1935 inventory region layer and click Open Attribute Table.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_558\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"631\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.50.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.50. After adding the 1935 inventory region, and right click on it to then select the open attribute table. \" width=\"631\" height=\"779\" class=\"size-full wp-image-558\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.50<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nHere is the attribute data attached to the 1935 inventory_region. We want to reference the different categories in the LANDUSE column. This is the column that tells us how the land was used in 1935 and whether it was still forested or not.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_559\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.51.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.51. Attribute table, from right to left the table reads; key, map, stand, land type, species, origin, area, and land use. \" width=\"977\" height=\"556\" class=\"size-full wp-image-559\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.51<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<h1>Symbolizing the Layer<\/h1>\r\nWe do not want to edit this data; we want to analyze this data visually. So, we can close the Attribute Table window. We want to categorize the layer to see the forestation more clearly, so we will open the properties of the layer.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Right-click the layer and click Properties.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click Symbology.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_560\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.52.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.52. The symbology page with the drop down menu at the top that will allow it to be changed to categorize. \" width=\"977\" height=\"899\" class=\"size-full wp-image-560\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.52<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>At the very top of the Symbology window, click the dropdown menu where it currently says Single symbol.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click Categorized.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_561\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.53.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.53. The options in the symbology drop down, the third option on the list is \u201ccategorized\u201d.\" width=\"977\" height=\"222\" class=\"size-full wp-image-561\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.53<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nOnce Categorized has been selected, the Symbology window will change.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Set the Value to LANDUSE by using the dropdown menu.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click the Classify button towards the bottom of the window.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click the dropdown arrow next to Color ramp to set it to Greens.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click OK.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_562\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.54.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.54. The menus for \u201ccategorized\u201d in symbology. The first options to change are Value, Symbol, and Colour Ramp.\" width=\"977\" height=\"974\" class=\"size-full wp-image-562\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.54<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThis will generate the Symbols, Value and Legend.\r\n\r\nThe layer will update with sub-layers matching each of the Categories of the LANDUSE column.\r\n\r\nIf you zoom in on the map now, you will see the various categories of Forests.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_563\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.55.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.55. The forested view is now able to be seen on the map.\" width=\"977\" height=\"452\" class=\"size-full wp-image-563\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.55<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>To return to an overall view of Prince Edward Island, right-click the coastline_polygon layer in the Layers pane and click Zoom to Layer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>The PEI Highway Layer<\/h1>\r\n<h2>Adding the Layer<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Use the browser to add the PEI_highway.shp file.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nDuring the process of adding PEI_highway.shp file, we encounter the following error:\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_564\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"714\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.56.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.56. Error page for the highway layer.\" width=\"714\" height=\"881\" class=\"size-full wp-image-564\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.56<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWe can ignore this by clicking Cancel. QGIS will still render the layer onto our map in accordance with our project\u2019s CRS.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_565\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.57.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.57. Map with the highway layer added. \" width=\"977\" height=\"477\" class=\"size-full wp-image-565\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.57<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Symbolizing the Layer<\/h2>\r\nThe roads are a little hard to see among the rest of the data. To remedy this, we will make the roads layer the uppermost layer on the map by moving it above the 1935 inventory in the Layers pane.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Click and drag the roads layer to the top of the list in the Layers pane.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note: the order in which layers appear in the Layers pane determines the order in which they are displayed on the map. So, a layer at the top of the Layers pane list will appear above all other layers on the map.<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Right-click on the PEI_highway layer, and click Properties.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Note: if the aforementioned error reappears, click Cancel once more.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click Symbology.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_566\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.58.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.58. Symbology page for the highway layer. The order for changeable options are Unit, Opacity, Color, Width.\" width=\"977\" height=\"899\" class=\"size-full wp-image-566\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.58<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Change the Width from 0.26000 to 0.75, and click OK.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_567\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.59.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.59. The symbology for the highway layer with the changed width value for the lines.\" width=\"977\" height=\"725\" class=\"size-full wp-image-567\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.59<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<h1>The PEI Placenames Layer<\/h1>\r\nAdding the PEI Placenames Layer\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Add the PEI_placenames.shp to our Project and drag this layer to the top of the list in the layers pane.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note: a similar error to the one that we encountered for the roads layer will appear. Click Cancel to ignore the error.<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_568\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"466\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.60.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.60. PEI placenames layer added to the layers panel at the top of the list. \" width=\"466\" height=\"602\" class=\"size-full wp-image-568\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.60<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Turning on Labels<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Open the properties of the PEI_placenames layer and click Labels.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_569\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"462\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.61.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.61. The labels option under symbology for the PEI placenames layer is selected. \" width=\"462\" height=\"327\" class=\"size-full wp-image-569\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.61<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>From the dropdown that initially says No Labels, select Single Labels.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_570\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.62.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.62. The labels drop down options are No Labels, Single Labels, Rule-based Labeling, and Blocking. \" width=\"977\" height=\"143\" class=\"size-full wp-image-570\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.62<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nYou can adjust the visual aspect of the labels using the various options under the Labels menu, including Text, Formatting, Buffer (Outline), Mask, Background, Shadows, and various other features.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Under the Text tab, change the Colour to white.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Under the Buffer tab, click the checkbox beside Draw text buffer and then select black as the buffer colour.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_571\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.63.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.63. The text sample section allows for the text color to be changed and to write in text. \" width=\"977\" height=\"899\" class=\"size-full wp-image-571\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.63<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nHere is the result:\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_572\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"977\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.64.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.64. The map with the updated label layer. \" width=\"977\" height=\"645\" class=\"size-full wp-image-572\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.64<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n<h1>Applications of This Vector Data<\/h1>\r\nHistorian Douglas Sobey calculated that the number of trees in PEI decreased by two-thirds between the start of the settlement era and 1935, and he used the forest inventory and other historical GIS data to show where exactly this deforestation happened. If you are interested, you can check out his work in chapter four of Time and a Place: An Environmental History of Prince Edward Island.[footnote]Douglas Sobey, \u201cThe Forests of Prince Edward Island, 1720\u20131900,\u201d in Time and a Place: An Environmental History of Prince Edward Island, ed. Edward MacDonald, Joshua MacFadyen, and Iren\u00e9 Novaczek (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2016).[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nA GIS such as the one that we set up can also help test whether routinely generated sources such as the census are accurate records of historical land use. Historian Joshua MacFadyen and forester William Glen used a GIS to demonstrate that the census was an incomplete record of land clearing. They compared the census of agriculture with inventories created from historical aerial photographs to show the extent of this discrepancy and test the rate at which farmers underreported the amount of cleared land. In the mid- and late-twentieth century, the amount of improved land reported in the census of agriculture was much lower than the amount shown in forest inventories\u2014over 30 percent lower in Kings County in the 1960s and 1970s. This was of course because agriculture represented a decreasing share of land use. However, even in earlier decades, when most rural land use was agricultural, farmers in Kings County reported between 10 and 16 percent less cleared land than the amounts shown by the inventories. MacFadyen and Glen used a historical GIS to determine more accurate estimates of land clearance rates across the twentieth century. [footnote]Joshua MacFadyen and William Glen, \u201cTop-down history: Delimiting forests, farms, and the census of agriculture on Prince Edward Island using aerial photography, ca.1900-2000,\u201d in Historical GIS Research in Canada, ed. J. Bonnell &amp; M. Fortin (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2014).[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p>Vectors are points, lines, and polygons representing data. Vectors can represent borders, roads, and towns along with many other types of data. The key characteristic of GIS is that it assigns geographic coordinates to pieces of vector data. By contrast, a graphics software program can also create points, lines, and polygons, but it will not assign them a geographic location.<\/p>\n<p>All of the data that we just downloaded is vector data. See Chapter 4: Digitization for instructions on how to create your own points, lines, and polygons.<\/p>\n<h1>The PEI Coastline Layer<\/h1>\n<h2>Adding the Layer<\/h2>\n<p>Let\u2019s start by adding PEI\u2019s coastline to our base map.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>On the left-hand side of your screen, in the Browser, navigate to the Chapter1 folder that we created earlier.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Tip:<\/strong> once you have navigated to this folder, right-click it and click Add as Favourite. From now on, you can access it from the Favourites menu.<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_543\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-543\" style=\"width: 470px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.35.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.35. In the browser screen, right clicking on the chapter and add as a favourite\" width=\"470\" height=\"366\" class=\"wp-image-543 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.35.png 470w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.35-300x234.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.35-65x51.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.35-225x175.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.35-350x273.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 470px) 100vw, 470px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-543\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.35<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_544\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-544\" style=\"width: 472px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.36.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.36. In browser the favourites tab will show all the favourited sections\" width=\"472\" height=\"252\" class=\"size-full wp-image-544\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.36.png 472w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.36-300x160.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.36-65x35.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.36-225x120.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.36-350x187.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-544\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.36<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Within the Chapter1 folder, navigate to the Data folder.<\/li>\n<li>Expand the folder called coastline.SHP.\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The .shp file extension indicates that it is a shapefile.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Right-click the layer called coastline_polygon.shp and click Add Layer to Project.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_545\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-545\" style=\"width: 891px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.37.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.37. Right clicking on section data, coastline.SHP, coastline_polygon opens the option to \u201cadd layer to project\u201d(the third option down).\" width=\"891\" height=\"550\" class=\"wp-image-545 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.37.png 891w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.37-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.37-768x474.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.37-65x40.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.37-225x139.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.37-350x216.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 891px) 100vw, 891px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-545\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.37<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>You will now see the coastline_polygon layer in your Layers table of contents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_546\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-546\" style=\"width: 470px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.38.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.38. After adding the layer to the project it can be seen in the layers panel.\" width=\"470\" height=\"602\" class=\"size-full wp-image-546\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.38.png 470w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.38-234x300.png 234w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.38-65x83.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.38-225x288.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.38-350x448.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 470px) 100vw, 470px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-546\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.38<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Your map will look similar to this now. The coastline file has a fill layer by default, and we can remove this in order to see our base map with the highlighted coastline.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_547\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-547\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.39.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.39. This shows a highlighted coastline.\" width=\"977\" height=\"602\" class=\"size-full wp-image-547\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.39.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.39-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.39-768x473.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.39-65x40.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.39-225x139.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.39-350x216.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-547\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.39<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Symbolizing the Layer<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Right-click on the coastline_polygon layer and click Properties.<\/li>\n<li>Click Symbology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_548\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-548\" style=\"width: 622px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.40.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.40. After right clicking on the coastline_polygon layer properties is selected.\" width=\"622\" height=\"733\" class=\"size-full wp-image-548\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.40.png 622w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.40-255x300.png 255w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.40-65x77.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.40-225x265.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.40-350x412.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 622px) 100vw, 622px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-548\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.40<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Under Fill, click to select Simple Fill.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_549\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-549\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.41.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.41. The screen to allow the fill colour to be changed.\" width=\"977\" height=\"899\" class=\"size-full wp-image-549\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.41.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.41-300x276.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.41-768x707.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.41-65x60.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.41-225x207.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.41-350x322.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-549\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.41<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Click Fill style, and select No Brush option. Then click OK.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_550\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-550\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.42.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.42. After choosing the fill colour the fill style can be dictated through a drop down menu.\" width=\"977\" height=\"899\" class=\"size-full wp-image-550\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.42.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.42-300x276.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.42-768x707.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.42-65x60.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.42-225x207.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.42-350x322.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-550\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.42<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Your map will look something like this now.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_551\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-551\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.43.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.43. The finalized re-evaluated map based off selections.\" width=\"977\" height=\"631\" class=\"size-full wp-image-551\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.43.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.43-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.43-768x496.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.43-65x42.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.43-225x145.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.43-350x226.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-551\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.43<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>The PEI Hydronetwork Layer<\/h2>\n<p>Repeat the above steps to add and symbolize the \u201cPEI HYDRONETWORK.shp\u201d layer.<\/p>\n<p>Once added, your layers will look like this.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_552\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-552\" style=\"width: 466px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.44.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.44. The layer panel with an added PEI HYDRONETWORK added.\" width=\"466\" height=\"260\" class=\"size-full wp-image-552\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.44.png 466w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.44-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.44-65x36.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.44-225x126.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.44-350x195.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-552\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.44<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>And your map will now look something like this.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_553\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-553\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.45.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.45. The map with the PEI HYDRONETWORK.\" width=\"977\" height=\"650\" class=\"size-full wp-image-553\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.45.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.45-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.45-768x511.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.45-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.45-225x150.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.45-350x233.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-553\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.45<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Further Symbolizing the Layer<\/h2>\n<p>We want the hydro layer to stand out, so we will change its line colour to blue.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Right-click the PEI HYDRONETWORK layer, and click Properties.<\/li>\n<li>Click Symbology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_554\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-554\" style=\"width: 525px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.46.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.46. In the layers panel right clicking and select properties to change the line colour (to blue) to make the layer more prominent.\" width=\"525\" height=\"745\" class=\"size-full wp-image-554\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.46.png 525w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.46-211x300.png 211w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.46-65x92.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.46-225x319.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.46-350x497.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-554\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.46<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Click to select Simple Line.<\/li>\n<li>Click Colour and set it to blue. You can use the sliders to change the colour or set an HTML notation for colour in Hexadecimal.<\/li>\n<li>Click OK.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_555\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-555\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.47.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.47. The colour changing options for the PEI HYDRONETWORK lines.\" width=\"977\" height=\"902\" class=\"size-full wp-image-555\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.47.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.47-300x277.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.47-768x709.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.47-65x60.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.47-225x208.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.47-350x323.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-555\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.47<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Your map will now look something like this.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_556\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-556\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.48.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.48. The map with the blue PEI HYDRONETWORK lines.\" width=\"977\" height=\"643\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.48.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.48-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.48-768x505.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.48-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.48-225x148.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.48-350x230.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-556\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.48<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>The 1935 Forestry Layer<\/h1>\n<h2>Adding the Layer<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Use the Browser to add \u201c1935 inventory_region.shp\u201d to your layers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_557\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-557\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.49.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.49. Through the browser added \u201c1935 inventory_region.shp\u201d onto the map.\" width=\"977\" height=\"491\" class=\"size-full wp-image-557\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.49.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.49-300x151.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.49-768x386.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.49-65x33.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.49-225x113.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.49-350x176.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-557\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.49<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>Viewing an Attribute Table<\/h1>\n<p>Your map will now reflect all four layers. However, the 1935 inventory_region layer is dense and covers the entire island. As mentioned at the start of this section, vectors are made of data. In our case, the data that we are concerned with is the way that the land was used. Canadian censuses recorded this data for many decades. But the important thing about GIS is that it can take this quantitative data and map it as vectors. If we want either to see or edit the data behind the vectors, we can do so by clicking Open Attribute Table.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Right-click on the 1935 inventory region layer and click Open Attribute Table.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_558\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-558\" style=\"width: 631px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.50.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.50. After adding the 1935 inventory region, and right click on it to then select the open attribute table.\" width=\"631\" height=\"779\" class=\"size-full wp-image-558\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.50.png 631w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.50-243x300.png 243w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.50-65x80.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.50-225x278.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.50-350x432.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 631px) 100vw, 631px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-558\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.50<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Here is the attribute data attached to the 1935 inventory_region. We want to reference the different categories in the LANDUSE column. This is the column that tells us how the land was used in 1935 and whether it was still forested or not.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_559\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-559\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.51.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.51. Attribute table, from right to left the table reads; key, map, stand, land type, species, origin, area, and land use.\" width=\"977\" height=\"556\" class=\"size-full wp-image-559\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.51.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.51-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.51-768x437.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.51-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.51-225x128.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.51-350x199.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-559\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.51<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>Symbolizing the Layer<\/h1>\n<p>We do not want to edit this data; we want to analyze this data visually. So, we can close the Attribute Table window. We want to categorize the layer to see the forestation more clearly, so we will open the properties of the layer.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Right-click the layer and click Properties.<\/li>\n<li>Click Symbology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_560\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-560\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.52.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.52. The symbology page with the drop down menu at the top that will allow it to be changed to categorize.\" width=\"977\" height=\"899\" class=\"size-full wp-image-560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.52.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.52-300x276.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.52-768x707.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.52-65x60.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.52-225x207.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.52-350x322.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-560\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.52<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>At the very top of the Symbology window, click the dropdown menu where it currently says Single symbol.<\/li>\n<li>Click Categorized.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_561\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-561\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.53.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.53. The options in the symbology drop down, the third option on the list is \u201ccategorized\u201d.\" width=\"977\" height=\"222\" class=\"size-full wp-image-561\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.53.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.53-300x68.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.53-768x175.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.53-65x15.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.53-225x51.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.53-350x80.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-561\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.53<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Once Categorized has been selected, the Symbology window will change.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Set the Value to LANDUSE by using the dropdown menu.<\/li>\n<li>Click the Classify button towards the bottom of the window.<\/li>\n<li>Click the dropdown arrow next to Color ramp to set it to Greens.<\/li>\n<li>Click OK.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_562\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-562\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.54.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.54. The menus for \u201ccategorized\u201d in symbology. The first options to change are Value, Symbol, and Colour Ramp.\" width=\"977\" height=\"974\" class=\"size-full wp-image-562\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.54.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.54-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.54-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.54-768x766.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.54-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.54-225x224.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.54-350x349.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-562\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.54<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This will generate the Symbols, Value and Legend.<\/p>\n<p>The layer will update with sub-layers matching each of the Categories of the LANDUSE column.<\/p>\n<p>If you zoom in on the map now, you will see the various categories of Forests.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_563\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-563\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.55.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.55. The forested view is now able to be seen on the map.\" width=\"977\" height=\"452\" class=\"size-full wp-image-563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.55.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.55-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.55-768x355.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.55-65x30.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.55-225x104.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.55-350x162.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-563\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.55<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>To return to an overall view of Prince Edward Island, right-click the coastline_polygon layer in the Layers pane and click Zoom to Layer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>The PEI Highway Layer<\/h1>\n<h2>Adding the Layer<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Use the browser to add the PEI_highway.shp file.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>During the process of adding PEI_highway.shp file, we encounter the following error:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_564\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-564\" style=\"width: 714px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.56.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.56. Error page for the highway layer.\" width=\"714\" height=\"881\" class=\"size-full wp-image-564\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.56.png 714w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.56-243x300.png 243w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.56-65x80.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.56-225x278.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.56-350x432.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 714px) 100vw, 714px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-564\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.56<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>We can ignore this by clicking Cancel. QGIS will still render the layer onto our map in accordance with our project\u2019s CRS.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_565\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-565\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.57.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.57. Map with the highway layer added.\" width=\"977\" height=\"477\" class=\"size-full wp-image-565\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.57.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.57-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.57-768x375.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.57-65x32.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.57-225x110.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.57-350x171.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-565\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.57<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Symbolizing the Layer<\/h2>\n<p>The roads are a little hard to see among the rest of the data. To remedy this, we will make the roads layer the uppermost layer on the map by moving it above the 1935 inventory in the Layers pane.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Click and drag the roads layer to the top of the list in the Layers pane.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note: the order in which layers appear in the Layers pane determines the order in which they are displayed on the map. So, a layer at the top of the Layers pane list will appear above all other layers on the map.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Right-click on the PEI_highway layer, and click Properties.\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Note: if the aforementioned error reappears, click Cancel once more.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Click Symbology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_566\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-566\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.58.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.58. Symbology page for the highway layer. The order for changeable options are Unit, Opacity, Color, Width.\" width=\"977\" height=\"899\" class=\"size-full wp-image-566\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.58.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.58-300x276.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.58-768x707.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.58-65x60.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.58-225x207.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.58-350x322.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-566\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.58<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Change the Width from 0.26000 to 0.75, and click OK.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_567\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-567\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.59.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.59. The symbology for the highway layer with the changed width value for the lines.\" width=\"977\" height=\"725\" class=\"size-full wp-image-567\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.59.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.59-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.59-768x570.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.59-65x48.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.59-225x167.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.59-350x260.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-567\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.59<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>The PEI Placenames Layer<\/h1>\n<p>Adding the PEI Placenames Layer<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Add the PEI_placenames.shp to our Project and drag this layer to the top of the list in the layers pane.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note: a similar error to the one that we encountered for the roads layer will appear. Click Cancel to ignore the error.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_568\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-568\" style=\"width: 466px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.60.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.60. PEI placenames layer added to the layers panel at the top of the list.\" width=\"466\" height=\"602\" class=\"size-full wp-image-568\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.60.png 466w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.60-232x300.png 232w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.60-65x84.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.60-225x291.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.60-350x452.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-568\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.60<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Turning on Labels<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Open the properties of the PEI_placenames layer and click Labels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_569\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-569\" style=\"width: 462px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.61.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.61. The labels option under symbology for the PEI placenames layer is selected.\" width=\"462\" height=\"327\" class=\"size-full wp-image-569\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.61.png 462w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.61-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.61-65x46.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.61-225x159.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.61-350x248.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 462px) 100vw, 462px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-569\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.61<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>From the dropdown that initially says No Labels, select Single Labels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_570\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-570\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.62.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.62. The labels drop down options are No Labels, Single Labels, Rule-based Labeling, and Blocking.\" width=\"977\" height=\"143\" class=\"size-full wp-image-570\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.62.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.62-300x44.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.62-768x112.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.62-65x10.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.62-225x33.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.62-350x51.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-570\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.62<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>You can adjust the visual aspect of the labels using the various options under the Labels menu, including Text, Formatting, Buffer (Outline), Mask, Background, Shadows, and various other features.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Under the Text tab, change the Colour to white.<\/li>\n<li>Under the Buffer tab, click the checkbox beside Draw text buffer and then select black as the buffer colour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_571\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-571\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.63.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.63. The text sample section allows for the text color to be changed and to write in text.\" width=\"977\" height=\"899\" class=\"size-full wp-image-571\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.63.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.63-300x276.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.63-768x707.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.63-65x60.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.63-225x207.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.63-350x322.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-571\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.63<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Here is the result:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_572\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-572\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.64.png\" alt=\"Figure 1.64. The map with the updated label layer.\" width=\"977\" height=\"645\" class=\"size-full wp-image-572\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.64.png 977w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.64-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.64-768x507.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.64-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.64-225x149.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2022\/02\/Figure-1.64-350x231.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-572\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.64<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>Applications of This Vector Data<\/h1>\n<p>Historian Douglas Sobey calculated that the number of trees in PEI decreased by two-thirds between the start of the settlement era and 1935, and he used the forest inventory and other historical GIS data to show where exactly this deforestation happened. If you are interested, you can check out his work in chapter four of Time and a Place: An Environmental History of Prince Edward Island.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Douglas Sobey, \u201cThe Forests of Prince Edward Island, 1720\u20131900,\u201d in Time and a Place: An Environmental History of Prince Edward Island, ed. Edward MacDonald, Joshua MacFadyen, and Iren\u00e9 Novaczek (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2016).\" id=\"return-footnote-575-1\" href=\"#footnote-575-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A GIS such as the one that we set up can also help test whether routinely generated sources such as the census are accurate records of historical land use. Historian Joshua MacFadyen and forester William Glen used a GIS to demonstrate that the census was an incomplete record of land clearing. They compared the census of agriculture with inventories created from historical aerial photographs to show the extent of this discrepancy and test the rate at which farmers underreported the amount of cleared land. In the mid- and late-twentieth century, the amount of improved land reported in the census of agriculture was much lower than the amount shown in forest inventories\u2014over 30 percent lower in Kings County in the 1960s and 1970s. This was of course because agriculture represented a decreasing share of land use. However, even in earlier decades, when most rural land use was agricultural, farmers in Kings County reported between 10 and 16 percent less cleared land than the amounts shown by the inventories. MacFadyen and Glen used a historical GIS to determine more accurate estimates of land clearance rates across the twentieth century. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Joshua MacFadyen and William Glen, \u201cTop-down history: Delimiting forests, farms, and the census of agriculture on Prince Edward Island using aerial photography, ca.1900-2000,\u201d in Historical GIS Research in Canada, ed. J. Bonnell &amp; M. Fortin (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2014).\" id=\"return-footnote-575-2\" href=\"#footnote-575-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-575-1\">Douglas Sobey, \u201cThe Forests of Prince Edward Island, 1720\u20131900,\u201d in Time and a Place: An Environmental History of Prince Edward Island, ed. Edward MacDonald, Joshua MacFadyen, and Iren\u00e9 Novaczek (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2016). <a href=\"#return-footnote-575-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-575-2\">Joshua MacFadyen and William Glen, \u201cTop-down history: Delimiting forests, farms, and the census of agriculture on Prince Edward Island using aerial photography, ca.1900-2000,\u201d in Historical GIS Research in Canada, ed. J. Bonnell &amp; M. Fortin (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2014). <a href=\"#return-footnote-575-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":31,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-575","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":454,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/575","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/575\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":606,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/575\/revisions\/606"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/454"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/575\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=575"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=575"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=575"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.upei.ca\/geospatialhumanities\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=575"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}